Review of wind behavior studies especially on urban environment

Document Type : Review Article

Authors

1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran

2 - Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran

Abstract

Wind flow modeling on urban geometry, such as a set of buildings, cities, towns and tall buildings are now in the spotlight. It is important to study and simulation of wind’s dynamics due to the effects of urban areas on the attitude and regime of wind and in the other hand, the effects of wind’s dynamics on the urban areas. In the 1950s, experimental studies and measurements of weather prediction were begun and developed due to computational disability of computers to improve numerical prediction of meteorological climate. In the 1960s, complex geometry simulations with higher precision were begun after development of Numerical Models of Primitive Equations and increase the computational ability of computers. In the 1970s, the Reynolds Averaged Navier- Stocks turbulence models for simulation were discussed. Then, in the years 1980 numerical methods for solving these equations were developed. In 1990s, assessment of Advanced Turbulent Models results with wind tunnel measurements was presented. In recent years presenting number of new models were done to improving prediction precision and flow dynamics of wind on buildings especially in the pedestrian level. In the present study, some of the shortcomings of this issue are provided. Also important and influential papers in wind flow simulation over the past 65 years were reviewed.

Keywords

References

[1] J. Charney, “The Use of the Primitive Equations of Motion in Numerical Prediction,” Tellus, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 22–26, 1955.
[2] J. Smagorinsky, “The dynamical influence of large-scale heat sources and sinks on the quasi-stationary mean motions of the atmosphere,” Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., vol. 79, pp. 342–366, 1953.
[3] J. Charney, “The Use of the Primitive Equations of Motion in Numerical Prediction,” Tellus, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 22–26, 1955.
[4] N. a. Phillips, “The general circulation of the atmosphere: A numerical experiment,” Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., vol. 82, pp. 123–164, 1956.
[5] Smagorinsky, J., “On the numerical integration of the primitive equations of motion for baroclinic flow in a closed region,” Mon. Weather Rev, vol. 86, no. 12, pp. 457–466, 1958.
[6] N. A. Phillips, “On the Problem of Initial Data for the Primitive Equations,” Tellus, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 121–126, 1960.
[7] J. Smagorinsky, “general circulation expriments with the primitive equations,” Weather Bur., vol. 91, no. 3, pp. 594– 595, 1963.
[8] A. Kasahara and W. M. Washington, “Ncar Global General Circulation Model of the Atmosphere,” Mon. Weather Rev., vol. 95, no. 7, pp. 389–402, 1967.
[9] frederick G. Shuman and J. B. Hovermale, “An operational six-layer primitive equation model,” J. Appl. Meteorol., no. 4, p. 6, 1968.
[10] R. P. Pearce, “The calculation of the sea breeze circulation in terms of the differential heating across the coast line.,” Quart. J. R. Meteorol. Soc, vol. 81, pp. 351–381, 1955.
[11] B. E. A. Fisher, “a theoretical study of the sea breeze,” J. Meteorol., vol. 18, pp. 216–233, 1960.
[12] M. a. Estoque, “the sea breeze as a function of the prevailing synoptic situation,” J. Atmos. Sci., vol. 19, pp. 244–250, 1962.
[13] J. Smagorinsky, “general circulation expriments with the primitive equations,” Weather Bur., vol. 91, no. 3, pp. 594– 595, 1963.
[14] michael A. fosberg, “airflow over a heated coastal mountain,” J. Appl. Meteorol., vol. 8, pp. 436–442, 1968.
[15] M. a. Estoque and C. M. Bhumralkar, “Flow Over a Localized Heat Source,” Mon. Weather Rev., vol. 97, no. 12, pp. 850–859, 1969.
[16] Y. Delage and P. a. Taylor, “Numerical studies of heat island circulations,” Boundary-Layer Meteorol., vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 201–226, 1970.
[17] R.N. Meroney and T. Yamada, “Numerical and physical simulation of a stratified airflow over a series of heated islands,” In Proceedings of the Summer Simulation Conference, June 13–16, 1972, San Diego, California. 1972.
[18] C. E. Wallington and J. Portnall, “A numerical study of the wavelength and amplitude of lee waves,” Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., vol. 84, no. 359, pp. 38–45, 1958.
[19] C. W. Hirt and J. L. Cook, “calculating three-dimensional flows around structures and over rough terrain,” J. Comput. Phys., vol. 10, pp. 324–340, 1972.
[20] W. Frost, J. R. Maus, and G. H. Fichtl, “A boundary-layer analysis of atmospheric motion over a semi-elliptical surface obstruction,” Boundary-Layer Meteorol., vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 165–184, 1974.
[21] D. M. deaves, “wind over hills: a numerical approach,” J. Ind. Aerodyn., vol. 1, pp. 371–391, 1976.
[22] russel G. Derickson and robert N. Meroney, “a simplified physics airflow model for evaluating wind power sites in complex terrain,” in summer computer simulation conference, 1977.
[23] D.Vasilic-Melling, “Three dimensional turbulent flow past rectangular bluff bodies”, Ph.D. thesis. Imperial College of Science and Technology, London, 1977.
[24] D. A. Paterson and C. J. Apelt, “computation of wind flows over three-dimensional buildings,” J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn., vol. 24, pp. 193–213, 1986.
[25] D. A. Paterson and C. J. Apelt, “Simulation of wind flow around three-dimensional buildings,” Build. Environ., vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 39–50, 1989.
[26] S. Murakami and A. Mochida, “3-D numerical simulation of airflow around a cubic model by means of the k-e models,” J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn., vol. 31, pp. 283–303, 1988.
[27] T. Hanson and D.M. Summers and C.B.Wilson, “Validation of a computer simulation of wind flow over a building model,” Build. Environ. 21, 97–111, 1986.
[28] S. Murakami, “Numerical simulation of turbulent flowfield around cubic model current status and applications of model and LES,” J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn., vol. 33, pp. 139–152, 1990.
[29] H. Montazeri, B. Blocken, W. D. Janssen, and T. van Hooff, “CFD evaluation of new second-skin facade concept for wind comfort on building balconies: Case study for the Park Tower in Antwerp,” Build. Environ., vol. 68, pp. 179–192, 2013.
[30] H. Montazeri, B. Blocken, W. D. Janssen, and T. van Hooff, “CFD evaluation of new second-skin facade concept for wind comfort on building balconies: Case study for the Park Tower in Antwerp,” Build. Environ., vol. 68, pp. 179–192, 2013.
[31] Bottema, M., 1993. Wind Climate and Urban Geometry, Ph.D. thesis. Eindhoven University of Technology (212 p)
[32] J. D. Paterson, D A Holms, “computation of wind flow over topography,” J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn., vol. 43, pp. 1–6, 1993.
[33] Y. Ohya, M. Tatsuno, Y. Nakamura, and H. Ueda, “A thermally stratified wind tunnel for environmental flow studies,” Atmos. Environ., vol. 30, no. 16, pp. 2881–2887, 1996.
[34] W. Rodi, “Comparison of LES and RANS calculations of the flow around bluff bodies,” J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn., vol. 69–71, pp. 55–75, 1997.
[35] T. Stathopoulos, “Computational wind engineering: Past achievements and future challenges,” J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn., vol. 67–68, pp. 509–532, 1997.
[36] S. Murakami, “Overview of turbulence models applied in CWE–1997,” J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn., vol. 74–76, pp. 1– 24, 1998.
[37] S. Murakami, R. Ooka, A. Mochida, S. Yoshida, and Sangjin Kim, “CFD analysis of wind climate from human scale to urban scale,” J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn., vol. 81, no. 1–3, pp. 57–81, 1999.
[38] J. He and C. C. . Song, “Evaluation of pedestrian winds in urban area by numerical approach,” J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn., vol. 81, no. 1–3, pp. 295–309, 1999.
[39] M. Casey and T. Wintergerste, “ERCOFTAC Special Interest Group on Quality and Trust in Industrial CFD-Best Practice Guidelines,” Eur. Res. Community Flow, Turbul, no. January, pp. 0–3, 2000.
[40] H. Lubcke, St. Schmidt, T. Rung, and F. Thiele, “Comparison of LES and RANS in bluff body flows,” J. Wind Eng. nad Ind. Aerodyn., vol. 89, pp. 1471–1485, 2001.
[41] A. Ferreira, A. Sousa, and D. Viegas, “Prediction of building interference effects on pedestrian level comfort,” J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn., vol. 90, pp. 305–319, 2002.
[42] B. Blocken and J. Carmeliet, “Pedestrian Wind Environment around Buildings: Literature Review and Practical Examples,” J. Build. Phys., vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 107–159, .4002
[43] B. Blocken and S. Roels and J. Carmeliet, “Modification of pedestrian wind comfort in the Silvertop Tower
[44] A. Zhang, C. Gao, & L. Zhang, “Numerical simulation of the wind field around different building arrangements,” Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 93(12), 891–904, 2005.
[45] D. Hamlyn and R. Britter, “A numerical study of the flow field and exchange processes within a canopy of urban-type roughness,” Atmos. Environ., vol. 39, no. 18, pp. 3243– 3254, 2005.
[46] T. Stathopoulos, “Pedestrian level winds and outdoor human comfort,” J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn., vol. 94, no. 11, pp. 769–780, 2006.
[47] B. Blocken and J. Carmeliet, “Validation of CFD simulations of wind-driven rain on a low-rise building facade,” Building and Environment, 42(7), 2530–2548, 2007.
[48] B. Blocken, J. Carmeliet and T. Stathopoulos, “CFD evaluation of wind speed conditions in passages between parallel buildings—effect of wall-function roughness modifications for the atmospheric boundary layer flow,” Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 95(9-11), 941–962, 2007.
[49] B. Blocken, T. Stathopoulos and J. Carmeliet, “CFD simulation of the atmospheric boundary layer: wall function problems,” Atmospheric Environment, 41(2), 238–252, 2007.
[50] R. Yoshie, a. Mochida, Y. Tominaga, H. Kataoka, K. Harimoto, T. Nozu, and T. Shirasawa, “Cooperative project for CFD prediction of pedestrian wind environment in the Architectural Institute of Japan,” J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn., vol. 95, no. 9–11, pp. 1551–1578, 2007.
[51] A. Mochida and I. Y. F. Lun, “Prediction of wind environment and thermal comfort at pedestrian level in urban area,” J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn., vol. 96, no. 10–11, pp. 1498–1527, 2008.
[52] A. Mochida, Y. Tabata, T. Iwata and H. Yoshino, “Examining tree canopy models for CFD prediction of wind environment at pedestrian level,” J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn.
[53] B. Blocken and J. Persoon, “Pedestrian wind comfort around a large football stadium in an urban environment: CFD simulation, validation and application of the new Dutch wind nuisance standard,” J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn., vol. 97, no. 5–6, pp. 255–270, 2009.
[54] K. Nore, B. Blocken, and J. V. Thue, “On CFD simulation of wind-induced airflow in narrow ventilated facade cavities: Coupled and decoupled simulations and modelling limitations,” Build. Environ., vol. 45, no. 8, pp. 1834–1846, 2010.
[55] J. Green and J. Quest, “A short history of the European Transonic Wind Tunnel ETW,” Prog. Aerosp. Sci., vol. 47, no. 5, pp. 368–319, 2011.
[56] B. Blocken, T. van Hooff, L. Aanen and B. Bronsema, “Computational analysis of the performance of a venturishaped roof for natural ventilation: venturi-effect versus wind-blocking effect,” Comput. Fluids 48 (1), 202–213, 2011.
[57] B. Blocken and C. Gualtieri, “Ten iterative steps for model development and evaluation applied to Computational Fluid Dynamics for Environmental Fluid Mechanics,” Environ. Model. Softw., vol. 33, no. 0, pp. 1–22, 2012.
[58] P. Gousseau, B. Blocken, and G. J. F. van Heijst, “CFD simulation of pollutant dispersion around isolated buildings: On the role of convective and turbulent mass fluxes in the prediction accuracy,” J. Hazard. Mater., vol. 194, pp. 422– 434, 2011.
[59] J. F. Barlow, “Progress in observing and modelling the urban boundary layer,” Urban Clim., vol. 44, Aug. 2014.
[60] Y. Toparlar, B. Blocken, P. Vos, G.-J. Van Heijst, W. D. Janssen, T. van Hooff, H. Montazeri, and H. Timmermans, “CFD simulation and validation of urban microclimate: A case study for Bergpolder Zuid, Rotterdam,” Build. Environ., vol. submitted , pp. 1–12, 2014.
[61] K. De Ridder, D. Lauwaet, and B. Maiheu, “UrbClim – A fast urban boundary layer climate model,” Urban Clim., vol. 12, pp. 21–48, 2015.
[62] Y. Tominaga, S. Akabayashi, T. Kitahara, and Y. Arinami, “Air flow around isolated gable-roof buildings with different roof pitches: Wind tunnel experiments and CFD simulations,” Build. Environ., vol. 84, pp. 204–213, 2015.
[63] E. C. Joubert, T. M. Harms, and G. Venter, “Computational simulation of the turbulent flow around a surface mounted rectangular prism,” J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn., vol. 142, pp. 173–187, 2015.
[64] B. Wang, L. D. Cot, L. Adolphe, S. Geoffroy, and J. Morchain, “Estimation of wind energy over roof of two perpendicular buildings,” Energy Build., vol. 88, no. 2015, pp. 57–67, 2015.
 
Journal of Renewable and New Energy
Volume 3, Issue 2 - Serial Number 6
September 2016
Pages 35-44

Files

History

  • Receive Date: 31 July 2017
  • Accept Date: 31 July 2017

Share

How to cite

Statistics