https://www.jrenew.ir/ Journal of Renewable and New Energy en daily 1 Tue, 21 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0330 Tue, 21 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0330 https://www.jrenew.ir/article_218215.html As the global population continues to grow, the intersection of food production and environmental conservation has become increasingly crucial. It is estimated that non-food sectors account for approximately 25 to 30 percent of agricultural-industrial production, leading to substantial economic losses. Consequently, scientists have explored the potential of deriving bioactive compounds, such as antioxidants, from processed plant products as an alternative solution to this challenge. Agricultural waste can undergo pre-treatment methods and various physical and chemical extraction techniques to be utilized in diverse industries. The cellular structure of agricultural biological waste comprises hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin, necessitating the use of pre-treatment methods. Depending on the conditions and the type of raw material, a range of physical, chemical, and biological or enzymatic pre-treatment methods can be employed. The physical method of extraction does not involve the use of chemicals. The industrial-scale application of the ultrasound method for extracting antioxidants is considered a promising approach. Microwave extraction functions by evaporating water in plant cells, thereby increasing the pressure in the internal environment. Alkaline NaOH pretreatment stands out as one of the most commonly utilized thermochemical pretreatments, particularly effective for materials containing up to 26% lignin. Acidic pretreatment exhibits lower performance compared to alkaline pretreatment. Biological pretreatment methods are environmentally friendly due to the lack of chemical usage and generally require a longer period of time. Conventional extraction methods are employed for extracting antioxidants from various agricultural materials on a small scale. carbon dioxide being considered the most suitable and popular supercritical fluid. https://www.jrenew.ir/article_239867.html This paper proposes a 19-level inverter structure with a gain of nine times. The proposed structure consists of thirteen power switches, two diodes, and four capacitors. The proposed structure includes redundant switching states (RSS) to charge the total capacitors of the proposed structure at different levels. This paper proposes a hybrid pulse width modulation method that enables the use of redundant switching states to complete the maximum continuous discharge period (LDP) of the capacitors in a shorter time. This factor reduces the voltage ripple, minimizes the inrush current, and increases the efficiency of the inverter. Also, the proposed structure does not require a capacitor with a high rated voltage. The circuit description of the proposed 19-level structure, the conduction states of the elements during the generation of different levels, the proposed hybrid modulation method, the determination of the capacitor capacitance, and the analysis of the circuit current stress are presented. Also, a comparison between the proposed inverter and similar inverters is made, and the results indicate the superiority of the proposed structure. To investigate the performance of the circuit, a simulation of the proposed structure has been performed in MATLAB Simulink, and its results have been analyzed. Finally, the results of the implementation of a laboratory sample of the proposed structure have been presented. https://www.jrenew.ir/article_230280.html Water electrolysis is considered an efficient method for producing hydroxy gas as a clean fuel. This study investigates the effect of electrolyte type and concentration (distilled water, tap water, potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide), temperature, and current intensity in a custom-designed, multi-cell dry electrolyzer. Experiments were conducted with electrolyte concentrations ranging from 5 to 20 wt% and temperatures from 23 to 70 °C. The research employed precise measurement systems and a three-repetition experimental design to ensure data validity, accuracy, and a systematic approach. The results indicated that a potassium hydroxide solution with a concentration of 15-20 wt%, at a temperature of 70 °C and a current intensity of 10-15 A, provided the maximum gas production (up to 156 L/hr) with optimal energy consumption (1.3-2 Wh/L). Furthermore, increasing the potassium hydroxide concentration up to 20% significantly reduced the solution’s resistance and increased electrical conductivity; however, values exceeding this range were practically associated with excessive energy consumption and corrosion risk. Additionally, the ohmic resistance of the electrolyzer was dependent on the type of electrolyte and water hardness, and increasing the temperature improved the efficiency of the process. https://www.jrenew.ir/article_239868.html A 19-level switched-capacitor inverter topology is presented in this paper with the objectives of reducing the number of components, achieving high voltage gain, and minimizing voltage ripple. The proposed structure consists of 12 switches, six capacitors, and six diodes. Due to the low voltage stress on the devices, the reduced number of power switches, and the use of diodes, the overall cost of the inverter is decreased. The capacitor cost is a function of both the rated voltage and the capacitance. In the proposed topology, the rated voltage of capacitors is relatively low owing to the appropriate arrangement of switched-capacitor units. Also, the proposed inverter supports redundant switching states (RSS) for charging all the switched-capacitor units. These states, combined with the proposed hybrid pulse-width modulation (HPWM) technique, minimize the longest continuous discharging period (LDP) of the capacitors. The accelerated completion of continuous capacitor discharging and subsequent recharging at more voltage levels contributes to a significant reduction in both voltage ripple and inrush current, and the capacitor size . The proposed structure is thoroughly analyzed, including circuit description, the proposed modulation method, capacitor sizing, and power loss evaluation. Moreover, the inverter is compared with similar structures in terms of both qualitative and quantitative aspects. For a more comprehensive assessment, a cost comparison based on the actual device cost is also provided. Finally, the proposed inverter has been experimentally implemented in the laboratory, and both steady-state and dynamic performance have been investigated. The corresponding experimental results are presented to validate the analysis. https://www.jrenew.ir/article_230392.html In this paper, a new structure for a multi-level switched-capacitor inverter with a combined phase shift switching method is proposed to reduce the number of components and voltage ripple and charging current of capacitors. The proposed structure combines a switching capacitor unit (SC) and a flying capacitor unit (FC). The advantages of the proposed structure include reducing number of devices, simplifying control, providing voltage boosting capability, and reducing voltage ripple and inrush current of capacitors with the proposed combined phase shift modulation. Applying the proposed modulation leads to the reduction of the maximum continuous discharge period. It reduces the voltage ripple and inrush current of the capacitors, which ultimately causes an effective reduction of the ripple and conductive losses. Ten switches, two diodes, and three capacitors are used to create 13 levels. The proposed structure, which has fewer devices than other 13-level inverters, does not require a capacitor with a high-rated voltage. The flying capacitor used in the proposed structure can naturally be balanced at half of the input DC voltage (0.5Vdc). Following the simple control of the voltage balance of the capacitors, this structure requires only five switching signals, which reduces the overall system cost. The circuit's performance, the proposed modulation scheme, the capacitors' automatic balancing, and their charging and discharging process have been investigated. Numerical comparison with recent 13-level inverters, shows the advantages of simple control, cost-effectiveness,, reduced voltage ripple and inrush current. Finally, simulation results are presented and analyzed to verify the validity of the proposed structure. https://www.jrenew.ir/article_244249.html One of the key issues in energy policy in the last decade is the sustainable development of energy. Considering the limitation of non-renewable energy sources and the growing importance of renewable energies, this research has been carried out with the aim of optimizing the simultaneous use of these resources in parent industries. Although the initial costs and high investment are the main obstacles to the use of renewable energy in the country, the upstream laws and recent incentives have facilitated the investment process in this sector. and the research includes reviewing the theoretical foundations, designing a multi-objective mathematical model, and solving it by weighting method. The presented model includes economic, environmental and social goals. The data used was collected from a cement factory and the model was validated using real data.The results showed that with the approach of sustainable development, the use of solar power plants has priority over gas power plants. In this case, about 65% of the factory's electricity needs should be provided by solar energy. The proposed mathematical model, as an integer non-linear three-objective model, provides an effective tool for energy planning in parent industries and provides an innovative approach to integrate sustainable development in the decision-making process. This research can be a practical framework for policy makers and industry managers to optimize consumption. Provide energy by considering economic, environmental and social requirements https://www.jrenew.ir/article_231716.html In recent years, the concern of human society regarding the phenomenon of global warming and pollution caused by the high consumption of fossil fuels for sustainable energy production has increased. The purpose of this article is the technical and economic evaluation of electricity production by solar panels in remote areas that do not have access to the national electricity system or are facing problems such as continuous power outages. We also examine the factors affecting the design, implementation, and maintenance costs of the photovoltaic system, and in terms of environmental pollution, there is a comparison with power plant systems. The results show that energy production is affected by various factors such as atmospheric conditions and temperature, so that the highest consumption and lowest energy production are observed in cloudy months (January and December). The efficiency of the system reaches its maximum in summer and in standard conditions, the photovoltaic efficiency is 16.56%. The amount of energy produced annually is equal to 3170 kilowatt hours, of which 2929 kilowatt hours are consumed and 141 kw.hr are wasted. Also, the estimation of greenhouse gas emissions shows that the use of photovoltaic system is equivalent to saving 1.7 tons of CO2 emissions from natural gas fuel and 18 tons from gasoline fuel. The costs related to the purchase of equipment and maintenance of the system have also been investigated and the economic and environmental efficiency of these systems have been evaluated. https://www.jrenew.ir/article_244902.html Nowadays, with the intensification of environmental crises, attention has been paid to approaches such as green buildings and buildings Energy Retrofit. Including educational buildings that consume a lot of energy and environmental quality is very important to them. In this study, to improve the building of a school under construction in Gorgan with the green building approach, two strategies for improving the building envelope and fenestration and shadings have been studied and compared. In selecting improvement strategies, reducing energy consumption and cost have been the basis for comparing the solutions. The research methodology was based on simulation and descriptive-analytical approaches.Firstly, the base model of the building was made in DesignBuilder software, and then various options for improving the building envelope and modifying fenestration and shadings were modeled. These options were determined based on previous studies and technical and economic conditions and were limited to a few options. The results and outputs of energy consumption and daylighting were reviewed and compared and the best options were identified. Based on the results, window dimensions and the addition of shading devices contribute to approximately a 27% reduction in energy consumption. In comparison, enhancing the building envelope and increasing insulation result in about a 3% reduction in energy consumption. In economic comparison, this option has a lower priority than improvement fenestration and shadings. The results of this study indicate the importance of fenestration and shading design, especially in educational buildings in temperate and humid climates compared to the building envelope. https://www.jrenew.ir/article_233278.html Today, the use of solar energy is one of the ways to reduce the energy consumption of buildings. One of the practical methods in this field is the use of Trombe walls. The purpose of this research is to determine the solution to improve the thermal performance of Trombe wall, the thermal comfort of the interior of the building and reduce the cooling and heating load in all seasons, using phase change materials. The method of carrying out this quasi-experimental research using the simulation of a real project, in the Design Builder software environment, on two types of traditional trombe walls and with phase change materials, has been a real example in a cold and dry climate. From the investigations, it can be seen that a 30 cm thick concrete wall with a thermal resistance of 0.65 with a delay time of 7 hours and 12 minutes is the best type of traditional trombe wall; which reduces the consumption of heating, cooling and primary energy by about 20, 14 and 8 percent, respectively. In the combined Trombe wall, the amount of heating, cooling and primary energy can be reduced by 51, 11 and 15%, respectively, with phase change materials. This result points to the high efficiency of phase change materials in the thrombus wall in reducing the heating load. The use of phase change materials can improve the thermal comfort of the interior of the building and reduce energy consumption compared to the traditional trombe wall all year round. https://www.jrenew.ir/article_246463.html One of the fundamental challenges in sustainable architecture is reducing energy consumption in buildings. Southern walls play a key role in controlling heat transfer and solar radiation into buildings. This study aims to design optimal materials for southern walls and, using a descriptive-analytical research method, examines the effect of material layers in this type of wall on controlling heat transfer and energy consumption in buildings. In the following study, a southern wall sample with conventional materials was examined for heat transfer using Design Builder software, and once again, the heat transfer of a wall designed with new materials was evaluated. In the designed southern wall, for each layer, several material options have been selected according to thermal and physical criteria; then, using a deep learning model, the optimal combination of materials is determined from the various and pre-selected options by nonlinear examination of the criteria. The results show that the southern wall designed with the novel materials and deep learning has reduced the heat transfer rate from outside to inside by 51.80% and from inside to outside by 34.29% over a period of one year, in accordance with the weather conditions of all seasons of a hot climate, and this reduces the cooling and heating load of the interior space and improves energy consumption. https://www.jrenew.ir/article_234498.html Phase Change Materials (PCMs) are used as thermal energy storage in various agricultural sectors. In greenhouses, PCMs help stabilize the growing environment by absorbing excess heat during the day and releasing it at night. Similarly, in solar dryers, these materials store energy during sunlight hours and release it after sunset, extending the effective drying time of agricultural products. PCM use in water purification systems, such as solar distillation, ensures a continuous supply of clean water by storing heat and maintaining the distillation process during non-sunlight hours. Additionally, in the cold chain for transporting food products, PCMs maintain optimal temperatures, preventing premature spoilage and preserving product quality. These applications offer significant thermal benefits, such as reducing temperature fluctuations and enhancing energy efficiency. From an environmental perspective, PCMs reduce the reliance on fossil fuels and lower emissions by harnessing stored solar energy, contributing to agricultural sustainability. The future prospects of PCMs in agriculture are promising, with ongoing research focused on improving the thermal properties of these materials (enhancing heat storage capacity, reducing supercooling effects, and improving thermal conductivity) while lowering costs. It is expected that with the resolution of current challenges, PCMs will play an even greater role in optimizing energy use and supporting sustainable agricultural development. https://www.jrenew.ir/article_246783.html Renewable energy is expanding as a sustainable and pollution-free resource, and improving its efficiency is crucial. Solar energy, which has been of interest since the 19th century, is one such source. One utilization method involves concentrating technologies, such as linear parabolic collectors, which are used alongside fossil fuel power plants in our country. In these systems, sunlight is reflected by mirrors onto a thermal absorber, transferring its energy. This paper examines the geometric structure of elliptical shapes as a dark body and designs three experimental samples: 1) A control structure with a circular absorber, 2) An initial dome-shaped absorber, and 3) An elliptical absorber, which demonstrated superior performance by achieving maximum energy absorption. The receiving area is 0.6×0.28 m² ± 0.005 m², and the samples can heat 250 mL of water. The observed maximum temperatures were 46.9°C, 54.1°C, and 63.5°C, respectively, with the elliptical design achieving 16.6°C higher than the control. The designs were created using CorelDRAW and SolidWorks, and the data were simulated in COMSOL, showing good agreement with experimental results. The simulation revealed that the control structure only reflects light once, whereas the elliptical structure reduces the aperture area and concentrates rays, increasing multiple reflections onto the absorber and enhancing energy absorption. Overall, the thermal efficiency of the elliptical structure is approximately 35% higher than the control, indicating better performance and greater practicality in concentrating solar systems. https://www.jrenew.ir/article_234592.html Given the depletion of fossil fuel resources and the production of pollutants, humanity is increasingly seeking to replace them with renewable energy sources. The aim of this study is to identify the key barriers and challenges in the development of renewable energy and the gradual phase-out of fossil fuels in European and Asian countries. This research is of a qualitative type and its data was collected according to the meta-synthesis method and in seven stages specified by Sandelovski and Barroso (2007). 50 studies have been used for evaluation in this research according to the quality of sources. The Kappa value in this research is 0.81, which indicates the reliability of the findings. The data was analyzed with MAXQDA software and as a result 9 dimensions, 17 components and 306 codes were identified. This study presents an innovative model for classifying the problems and barriers to the development of renewable energy. This model can be utilized by policymakers, technology innovators, and stakeholders in the field. The study also emphasizes the necessity of implementing shared power grids between neighboring countries and using the identified models in quantitative assessments. The model developed in this study can create a conducive environment for the growth of renewable energy and ensure long-term sustainability in global energy systems. International cooperation can effectively help address technical and regional limitations, thereby enhancing energy security and global sustainability. https://www.jrenew.ir/article_244547.html Bioenergy is one of the important sources of renewable energy that has gained increasing attention due to the limitations of fossil fuel resources, as well as environmental pollution and greenhouse gas emissions resulting from the combustion of fossil fuels. Biomass, as the raw material for bioenergy production, is obtained from various sources such as plant residues, forestry, and agricultural products. By estimating the amount of biomass available in a given area, a suitable assessment of the potential for bioenergy production can be made. Satellite imagery is one of the best tools for estimating biomass quantities. In this study, various methods of analyzing satellite data, including remote sensing, Geographic Information Systems (GIS), Google Earth Engine (GEE), machine learning, artificial intelligence, and growth modeling, have been evaluated for biomass estimation. The results show that models based on vegetation indices have an accuracy of between 71 and 88%, while the combination of multi-satellite data increases the prediction accuracy to 96%, outperforming traditional methods by about 10%. In the field of machine learning, artificial neural networks (ANN) and deep neural networks (DNN) showed mapping accuracy of up to 90% and 97%, respectively. The random forest (RF) and support vector machine (SVM) algorithms provided an accuracy of between 70–90%. These findings indicate that the combination of satellite data with advanced technologies has the potential to provide more accurate and stable estimates of biomass. https://www.jrenew.ir/article_235951.html Desalination of brackish water using solar still is a desirable and attractive option for decentralized and sustainable fresh water production. The author of the present study has recently developed and conducted experimental investigations on an improved stepped solar still. Their experimental results indicate a very good performance of this solar still. However, this unit cannot produce fresh water during the night due to the lack of sunlight. To overcome this problem, storing solar energy during the day and utilizing it at night can be a suitable solution, achievable through the use of phase change materials (PCM). In the present study, the effect of adding paraffin wax as a PCM to the absorber of the improved stepped solar still was experimentally investigated. For this purpose, two improved stepped solar still with identical dimensions and specifications were simultaneously tested, one being simple and the other equipped with the PCM. The experiments were conducted in June 2021 under the climatic conditions of Kerman city. The test results show that using the PCM relatively improves the performance of the desalination unit, enhancing its efficiency by 3.7% to 12% under different design and operating conditions. https://www.jrenew.ir/article_236726.html With the growing demand for gasoline and limitations in domestic production capacity, the use of methanol as an additive has been proposed to reduce Iran’s energy imbalance. This study evaluates the technical and economic feasibility of methanol blending by examining domestic production capacity, reviewing international experiences, conducting laboratory analyses, and assessing economic viability.Iran, producing over 12 million tons of methanol annually, holds a significant global position and has the capacity to support methanol-gasoline blending. The findings show that low-percentage blending, particularly around 3% by volume, increases the octane number, reduces certain pollutants, and could yield up to $1.6 billion in annual foreign currency savings. However, technical challenges, including higher vapor pressure, phase separation at low temperatures, and corrosion of fuel system components, must be addressed through resistant materials, appropriate additives, and optimization of blending conditions.In the experimental part of this study, three types of domestic base gasoline were blended with 3% methanol and tested for phase stability and vapor pressure changes under different temperatures. Results indicated that some samples exhibited phase separation at subzero temperatures, suggesting a need for fuel formulation improvements or the use of emulsifiers.Economically, analysis of different blending scenarios reveals that introducing low-percentage methanol blends could significantly reduce gasoline imports and save foreign currency. However, the success of this strategy depends on coordinated efforts among the petrochemical and automotive industries and policymakers, as well as the development of supportive technical standards. https://www.jrenew.ir/article_239593.html The expansion of renewable energy use, especially photovoltaic systems, has received widespread attention in recent years as an effective strategy for reducing dependence on fossil energy sources, enhancing energy security, and decreasing greenhouse gas emissions. Among these, building rooftops—due to their large surface area, suitable location, and direct access to sunlight—are considered one of the key and sustainable options for installing solar panels in urban environments. The aim of this study is to conduct a technical and economic assessment of the potential of urban rooftops for solar system installation, using lidar data and geographic information system analyses. To this end, 10,369 buildings in an area of Brooklyn, New York, were examined in terms of effective area, slope, orientation, and amount of solar radiation received, based on a digital surface model derived from lidar. Subsequently, an economic analysis was performed using indicators such as return on investment and payback period. The results showed that approximately 63.75 percent of the suitable rooftops had a payback period of less than two years. The proposed integrated approach can serve as an efficient and practical tool for planning the development of solar infrastructure in dense urban areas. https://www.jrenew.ir/article_239862.html According to the official statistics of the International Energy Agency, about forty percent of the world’s energy is consumed by buildings. Considering the energy crisis and the destructive effects on the environment and humans, finding new solutions and ideas in energy consumption is the duty of today’s architects. To save energy for the proper use of useful daylight and ventilation, the implementation of passive solutions to regulate the indoor environment and on the other hand daylight plays a significant role in ensuring the health of residents. Therefore, by examining the available resources in the field of energy consumption reduction and extracting the indicators and systems used in them, the simulation method with the Ladybug tools v1.6 plugin on the Grasshopper software platform was selected. By optimizing the ratio of window to wall area (WWR), the results of two factors of useful day lighting and building ventilation were improved. 100 generations were produced in the optimization process. The optimal solution has been produced among the generations that the optimal ratio of WWR for useful daylight is set at 40% on the north face and 20% on the south face, and 15% on the north face and 40% on the south face for the ventilation and energy sector of the building. https://www.jrenew.ir/article_239863.html One of the most important challenges facing perovskite solar cells is to increase their efficiency. Different methods can be used to increase the efficiency of this solar cells, where changing the layers around the perovskite is one approach. In this paper, the structure of perovskite solar cells has been investigated, simulated, and optimized. In these simulations, three different materials including TiO2, graphene, and a combination of these two materials with different percentages of graphene in the electron transport layer (ETL) is used. The results show that the combination of 5% graphene with TiO2 provides the best performance with a maximum current density of 22 mA/cm². Furthermore, the effect of the thickness of different layers on the efficiency of the solar cell has been investigated, and the impact of changes in the perovskite layer, hole transport layer, electron transport layer, and transparent oxide layer on the efficiency has been studied. Additionally, a particle swarm optimization method has been used to achieve the best possible structure. Finally, with the application of an anti-reflective coating (ARC) made of silicon dioxide (SiO2), the efficiency of the structure increased to 16.49%. https://www.jrenew.ir/article_239866.html Thermophotovoltaic technology has significantly improved the utilization rate of solar energy by effectively addressing the issues of high temperature and low electrical efficiency in photovoltaic cells. In this study, a photovoltaic-thermal (PV-T) system model was simulated using water and alumina nanofluid with three different volume fractions ranging from 0.1% to 3%. The effects of operational parameters such as inlet temperature, solar radiation, ambient temperature, and mass flow rate of the cooling fluid were numerically investigated. The simulation was conducted using ANSYS Fluent software with a two-phase mixture model. The risers were considered as longitudinal circular tubes, and simulations were performed for mass flow rates ranging from 10 L/h to 60 L/h for both water and alumina nanofluid with three different volume fractions. The thermal conductivity and thermal expansion coefficient of the nanofluid were introduced into the software via a User-Defined Function (UDF). The variations in fluid outlet temperature, solar cell temperature, pressure drop, thermal efficiency, electrical efficiency, and overall efficiency were analyzed as a function of mass flow rate. The results indicate that the nanofluid with a 2.5% volume fraction achieves the highest thermal efficiency. https://www.jrenew.ir/article_240972.html In the present era, with the increasing demand for electrical energy and attention to clean sources, solar energy has emerged as a sustainable solution. This article focuses on the design and construction of a portable solar refrigerator that utilizes solar panels and thermoelectric elements to provide cooling in areas with limited or no access to grid electricity. Thermoelectric elements, employing the Peltier effect, transfer heat from one side to the other, enabling cooling without the need for a compressor. This feature makes solar refrigerators an ideal option for remote areas and emergency situations. The designed refrigerator, with a durable galvanized steel body, easy portability, and efficient cooling performance, can reduce the ambient temperature from 28 degrees Celsius to 6 degrees Celsius. This capability allows for the storage of temperature-sensitive food and pharmaceutical products in various conditions. The conducted tests demonstrate that this solar refrigerator, with its acceptable performance and appropriate efficiency, can be used as a sustainable and reliable solution in diverse environments. Potential applications include camping trips, remote areas, transportation of food and pharmaceuticals, and emergency situations.Given the continuous advancements in solar energy and thermoelectric element technologies, it is expected that solar refrigerators will play a significant role in meeting cooling needs in the future. https://www.jrenew.ir/article_219649.html Forest residues serve various purposes globally. The inclusion of forest residues enhances the mechanical properties of wooden panels by up to 50%. Briquettes produced from branches exhibit a longer burning time compared to those made from wood sourced from tree trunks, attributed to the higher lignin content, which augments frictional and compressive strength. Biochar, distinguished by its porous and highly carbonated nature, acts as a unique adsorbent. It enhances soil fertility, water retention, pH levels, and organic matter, while mitigating nutrient leaching and the infiltration of organic and inorganic pollutants. Optimal biochar production efficiency is achieved at lower temperatures with elevated lignin content. The production sources for biochar include plants and fertilizers. Biochar derived from plants can be utilized as a soil conditioner, while biochar derived from manure can function as both a soil conditioner and fertilizer due to the release of nutrients. However, forest residues are not as effective for biogas production; the methane yield from hardwood residues is several times greater than that from softwood residues. The production of ethanol or butanol is influenced by the organic materials to microorganisms ratio. The high cost of hydrolytic enzymes diminishes the appeal of the enzymatic hydrolysis process, despite its significant advantages. Forest residues have the potential to serve as substrates for the growth of diverse insects. Furthermore, cultivating edible mushrooms on these substrates derived from forest agricultural residues can contribute to sustainable forest management, environmental protection, and global food security in the future. https://www.jrenew.ir/article_231010.html Preventing waste and saving energy consumption is one of the most important issues in the world due to the reduction and limitation of fossil energy reserves. Meanwhile, the main energy consumption in the building is related to the use of mechanical ventilation. Therefore, due to the advantages of natural ventilation, it is necessary to develop and use it, which becomes more important in classrooms due to the high population and activity. Despite much research that has been done in the field of natural ventilation, there is a need for more studies and development in educational spaces. Therefore, in this research, to know the characteristics of natural ventilation and common methods in its analysis, the studies conducted in this field are reviewed with more emphasis on the studies of educational spaces. Researches reviewed with keywords related to natural ventilation include more than 300 articles from the Science Direct database and persian publications, of which 140 sources are cited in this article. The result is that despite the importance of the educational space and the need to use natural ventilation in these buildings, attention to it is not enough and it is necessary to check all dimensions and parameters related to natural ventilation in educational spaces, especially openings and openings that play a key role in this field. Most of the research have used two methods of experimental measurement and computational fluid dynamics simulation model, which have been carried out in buildings with various uses to investigate the variables. https://www.jrenew.ir/article_234428.html With the increasing demand for energy, the supply rate is expected to decline in the near future. As fossil fuel reserves are rapidly depleting, the low efficiency of energy conversion and recycling, along with the complex technologies and high costs of solar cells, have become the most limiting factors for solar cells. Nanotechnology has brought remarkable advancements to human lifestyles, and we can utilize nanotechnology for green energy purposes and the construction of renewable energy systems. Nowadays, bio-nano materials (biological nanomaterials) encompass a broader scope of nanotechnology and are demonstrating their incredible impacts in reducing various short-term and long-term hazardous challenges. One of the reasons solar energy has become very popular is its cost-effectiveness, low maintenance, and reliability as an energy source. Affordable and environmentally friendly natural materials have replaced many of the chemical substances used in solar cells as light harvesters. Additionally, hybrid biological materials in semiconductor solar cells are capable of providing high efficiency. Various bio-nanomaterials such as nanocellulose, bacteriorhodopsin proteins, and organic piezoelectric and thermoelectric biomaterials are being investigated as next-generation solar cell materials. Solar cells sensitized with biological molecules have also gained popularity as cost-effective photovoltaic generators, addressing their recycling issues. The main reason for using plant materials in solar cells is the need to replace expensive, energy-intensive, scarce, or non-renewable components. https://www.jrenew.ir/article_236169.html nD/nD hybrid nanophotocatalysts—combinations of different nanoscale dimensions—have recently gained attention as an innovative and efficient approach to improve the performance of hydrogen production systems via photocatalytic water splitting. This review provides an overview of various photocatalytic heterojunctions including Type I, Type II, Type III, Schottky junctions, Z-scheme, and S-scheme systems and analyzing the crucial roles of dimensional design (nD/nD) and band structure engineering in enhancing the photocatalytic activity. Among these, S-scheme heterostructures have demonstrated superior performance due to their effective spatial separation of photogenerated charge carriers and preservation of strong redox potential. Moreover, multidimensional hybrids such as 0D/2D and 1D/3D architectures, with their increased interfacial area, efficient charge transport, and reduced electron–hole recombination, have shown significantly enhanced hydrogen evolution rates. Experimental findings reveal that photocatalysts such as CdS/ZnS, ZnIn₂S₄/g-C₃N₄, and CdS/NiCr₂O₄–LDH—configured as S-scheme or Type II heterojunctions—achieve apparent quantum yields of up to 46.9% and hydrogen evolution rates as high as 25,491.2 µmol/g·h. Overall, the integration of nanostructural engineering, selection of suitable material, and rational heterojunction design plays a vital role in the advancement of next-generation photocatalysts for green hydrogen production.