The Environmental Benefits of Biorefinery and Energy Production from Pulp and Paper Industrial Wastes

Document Type : Review Article

Authors

1 Ph.D. Student in Cellulosic industries Engineering, Department of Paper Science and Technology, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran.

2 Assistant Professor, Department of Paper Science and Technology, Faculty of Wood and Paper Engineering, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran.

Abstract

Nowadays, high dependence on fossil fuels for chemical and fuel production, and also, the severe shortage of these resources has raised serious concerns. Moreover, increasing in greenhouse gas emissions and environmental pollution are also an important reason for reviewing industries with conventional processes. In recent years, biorefinery has received much attention from the lignocellulosic industry, especially in the field of converting natural polymeric wastes (black liquor, sludge, etc.) to value-added products by supplying part of the chemicals and fuel required by industry. Many studies have been done on the conversion of hemicelluloses into high value-added materials. In most of these studies, the aim was to optimize the extraction conditions and then convert them. Furthermore, biorefinery can help to creating value-added products from black liqueur derived from pulping lignocellulosic materials in papermaking as by-products of pulp and paper. Finaly, economically, biorefinery will boost the economic sector of these plants. This paper discusses the main goals of biorefinery of natural polymer waste from paper mills that have multifaceted impacts on the economy, energy and the environment.

Keywords

References

[1] Kadla, J., & Van De Ven, T. G. (Eds.). 2013. Cellulose: Biomass Conversion. BoD–Books on Demand.
[2] Qureshi, N., Hodge, D., & Vertes, A. (Eds.). 2014. Biorefineries: Integrated biochemical processes for liquid biofuels. Newnes.
[4] Sixta, H., 2006. Handbook of pulp (volume 1), WILEY-VCH, Weinheim, 1369 pages.
[5] Zetterholm, J., Pettersson, K., Leduc, S., Mesfun, S., Lundgren, J., & Wetterlund, E. 2018. Resource efficiency or economy of scale: Biorefinery supply chain configurations for co-gasification of black liquor and pyrolysis liquids. Applied energy, 230, 912-924.
[6] Sandén, B., and Pettersson, K., 2013. Systems for perspectives on biorefineries, Publisher: Chalmers University of Technology
[7] Bajpai, P., 2013. Biorefinery in the pulp and paper industry. Academic press.
[8] Klemm, D., Heublein, B., Fink, H. P., & Bohn, A. 2005. Cellulose: fascinating biopolymer and sustainable raw material. Angewandte chemie international edition, 44(22), 3358-3393.
[9] Bastidas-Oyanedel, J. R., 2019. Biorefinery: Integrated Sustainable Processes for Biomass Conversion to Biomaterials, Biofuels, and Fertilizers. Springer.
[10] Klemm D., Kramer F., Moritz S., Lindstrom T., Ankerfors M., Gray D., & Dorris A., Nanocelluloses: A new family of nature-based materials, Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 50, 5438-5466, 2011.
[11]  Ko J.K., & Lee S.M., Advances in cellulosic conversion to fuels: engineering yeasts for cellulosic bioethanol and biodiesel production. Current opinion in biotechnology, 50, 72-80, 2018.
[12] Waldron, K. W. (Ed.). 2014. Advances in biorefineries: biomass and waste supply chain exploitation. Elsevier.
[13] Sjöström E. 1993. Wood chemistry: fundamentals and applications (Eero). Elsevier publications, 1993.
[14] Gatenholm, P., & Tenkanen, M. (Eds.). 2003. Hemicelluloses: Science and technology. American Chemical Society.
[15] Bierman, C.J. 1996. Handbook of pulping and papermaking. 2ed. Academic Press, USA. 754p.
[16] Postma, D., Chimphango, AFA., and Görgens, JF. 2012.  Cationic eucalyptus grandis glucuronoxylan as additive to the papermaking process. TAPPSA Journal. 3:16-22.
[17] Zhang, S. F., & Yang, H., 2011. Effect of hot-water pre-extraction on alkaline pulping properties of wheat straw. In Advanced Materials Research (Vol. 236, pp. 1174-1177). Trans Tech Publications.
[18] Hamzeh, Y., Ashori, A., Khorasani, Z., Abdulkhani, A., & Abyaz, A., 2013. Pre-extraction of hemicelluloses from bagasse fibers: Effects of dry-strength additives on paper properties. Industrial Crops and Products, 43, 365-371.
[19] Li, Z., Qin, M., Xu, C., & Chen, X., 2013. Hot water extraction of hemicelluloses from aspen wood chips of different sizes. BioResources, 8(4), 5690-5700.
[20] Al-Dajani, W.W.and Tschirner, U.W., 2008. Pre-extraction of hemicelluloses and subsequent kraft pulping, part 1: alkaline extraction. Tappi journal, 7(6): 3-8.
[21] Jani, H.R. 2008. Catalytic Wet Air Oxidation of Pulp and Paper Mills Effluent. Ph.D. Dissertation, RMIT University.
[23] Prothmann, J., Spégel, P., Sandahl, M., & Turner, C., 2018. Identification of lignin oligomers in Kraft lignin using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography/high-resolution multiple-stage tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC/HRMS n). Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry, 410(29): 7803-7814.
[24] Yamamoto, M.  2014. SO2 -ethanol-water fractionation and enzymatic hydrolysis of forest biomass, Doctoral Dissertation, Department of forest products Technology, Aalto University.
[25] Vishtal, A. and Kraslawski, A. (2011), Challenges in industrial applications of technical lignins. BioResources, 6(3):3547-3568.
[26] Tejado, A., Pena, C., Labidi, J., Echeverria, J. M., & Mondragon, I., 2007. Physico-chemical characterization of lignins from different sources for use in phenol–formaldehyde resin synthesis. Bioresource Technology, 98(8):1655-1663.
[27] Chakar, F. S., & Ragauskas, A.J., 2004. Review of current and future softwood kraft lignin process chemistry. Industrial Crops and Products, 20(2), 131-141.
[28] Gosselink, R.J.A., De Jong, E., Guran, B. and Abächerli, A., 2004. Co-ordination network for lignin—standardisation, production and applications adapted to market requirements (EUROLIGNIN). Industrial Crops and Products, 20(2):121-129.
[29] Jönsson, A. S., & Wallberg, O., 2009. Cost estimates of kraft lignin recovery by ultrafiltration. Desalination, 237(1-3):254-267.
[30] El Mansouri, N. E., & Salvadó, J., 2006. Structural characterization of technical lignins for the production of adhesives: Application to lignosulfonate, kraft, soda-anthraquinone, organosolv and ethanol process lignins. Industrial Crops and Products, 24(1):8-16.
[31] Mörck, R., Yoshida, H., Kringstad, K., and Hatakeyama, H., 1986. Fractionation of kraft lignin by successive extraction with organic solvents. Functional groups, 13C NMR-spectra and molecular weight distributions. Holzforschung, 40:51-60.
[32] Niemelä, K., 1990. Low-molecular-weight organic compounds in birch kraft black liquor,” Ph.D. Thesis, Helsinki University of Technology.
[33] Rodríguez, A., Sánchez, R., Requejo, A., & Ferrer, A., 2010. Feasibility of rice straw as a raw material for the production of soda cellulose pulp. Journal of Cleaner Production, 18(10-11): 1084-1091.
[34] González-García, S., Moreira, M. T., Artal, G., Maldonado, L., & Feijoo, G., 2010. Environmental impact assessment of non-wood based pulp production by soda-anthraquinone pulping process. Journal of Cleaner Production, 18(2):137-145.
[35] Ghatak, H. R., 2008. Spectroscopic comparison of lignin separated by electrolysis and acid precipitation of wheat straw soda black liquor. Industrial crops and products, 28(2):206-212.
[36] Juan, F. A. N., & Huaiyu, Z. H. A. N., 2008. Optimization of synthesis of spherical lignosulphonate resin and its structure characterization. Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering, 16(3):407-410.
[37] Meister, J. J., 2002. Modification of lignin. Journal of Macromolecular Science, Part C: Polymer Reviews, 42(2):235-289.
[38] Kouisni, L., Fang, Y., Paleologou, M., Ahvazi, B., Hawari, J., Zhang, Y., and Wang, X. M. 2011. Kraft lignin recovery and its use in the preparation of lignin-based phenol formaldehyde resins for plywood. Cellulose Chemistry and Technology, 45(7):515-520.
[39] Brodin, I., Ernstsson, M., Gellerstedt, G., & Sjöholm, E. 2012. Oxidative stabilisation of kraft lignin for carbon fibre production. Holzforschung, 66(2):141-147.
[40] Mesfun, S., Lundgren, J., Grip, C. E., Toffolo, A., Nilsson, R. L. K., & Rova, U. 2014. Black liquor fractionation for biofuels production–a techno-economic assessment. Bioresource technology, 166:508-517.
[41] Gao, Y., Yue, Q., Gao, B., Sun, Y., Wang, W., Li, Q., and Wang, Y. 2013. Preparation of high surface area-activated carbon from lignin of papermaking black liquor by KOH activation for Ni (II) adsorption. Chemical Engineering Journal, 217:345-353.
[42] Baurhoo, B., Ruiz-Feria, C. A., and Zhao, X., 2008. Purified lignin: Nutritional and health impact on farm animals – A review. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 144(3):175-184.
[43] Nadif, A., Hunkeler, D., & Käuper, P., 2002. Sulfur-free lignins from alkaline pulping tested in mortar for use as mortar additives. Bioresource Technology, 84(1):49-55.
[44] Belgacem, M. N., Blayo, A., & Gandini, A., 2003. Organosolv lignin as a filler in inks, varnishes and paints. Industrial Crops and Products, 18(2):145-153.
[45] Lora, J. H., & Glasser, W. G., 2002. Recent industrial applications of lignin: a sustainable alternative to nonrenewable materials. Journal of Polymers and the Environment, 10(1-2):39-48.
[46] Aro, T., & Fatehi, P., 2017. Tall oil production from black liquor: Challenges and opportunities. Separation and Purification Technology, 175, 469-480.
[47] Sklavounos, E. 2014. Conditioning of SO2-ethanol-water (SEW) spent liquor from lignocellulosics for ABE fermentation to biofuels and chemicals, Doctoral Dissertation, Department of Forest Products Technology. Aalto University.
[48] Agbor, V.B., Cicek, N., Sparling, R., Berlin, A., and Levin, D.B. 2011. Biomass pretreatment: fundamentals toward application. Biotechnology Advances. 29:675-685.
[49] Liu, S., Lu, H., Hu, R., Shupe, A., Lin, L., & Liang, B., 2012. A sustainable woody biomass biorefinery. Biotechnology Advances, 30(4): 785-810.
[50] Fernand, F., Israel, A., Skjermo, J., Wichard, T., Timmermans, K. R., & Golberg, A., 2017. Offshore macroalgae biomass for bioenergy production: Environmental aspects, technological achievements and challenges. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 75: 35-45.
[51] Fortună, M. E., Simion, I. M., & Gavrilescu, M., 2011. Indicators for sustainability in industrial systems case study: Paper manufacturing. Scientific Study and Research: Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, 12(4), 363-372.
[52] Luque, R., & Clark, J. (Eds.). 2010. Handbook of biofuels production: Processes and technologies, 2nd edition. Elsevier.

Files

History

  • Receive Date: 02 February 2020
  • Revise Date: 05 May 2020
  • Accept Date: 07 June 2020

Share

How to cite

Statistics