Journal of Renewable and New Energy

Methods of commercial production of antioxidants from fresh agricultural residues

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

Himan Khodkam
Hadi Ghaebi

University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran

https://doi.org/10.22034/jrenew.2026.218215
Abstract
As the global population continues to grow, the intersection of food production and environmental conservation has become increasingly crucial. It is estimated that non-food sectors account for approximately 25 to 30 percent of agricultural-industrial production, leading to substantial economic losses. Consequently, scientists have explored the potential of deriving bioactive compounds, such as antioxidants, from processed plant products as an alternative solution to this challenge. Agricultural waste can undergo pre-treatment methods and various physical and chemical extraction techniques to be utilized in diverse industries. The cellular structure of agricultural biological waste comprises hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin, necessitating the use of pre-treatment methods. Depending on the conditions and the type of raw material, a range of physical, chemical, and biological or enzymatic pre-treatment methods can be employed. The physical method of extraction does not involve the use of chemicals. The industrial-scale application of the ultrasound method for extracting antioxidants is considered a promising approach. Microwave extraction functions by evaporating water in plant cells, thereby increasing the pressure in the internal environment. Alkaline NaOH pretreatment stands out as one of the most commonly utilized thermochemical pretreatments, particularly effective for materials containing up to 26% lignin. Acidic pretreatment exhibits lower performance compared to alkaline pretreatment. Biological pretreatment methods are environmentally friendly due to the lack of chemical usage and generally require a longer period of time. Conventional extraction methods are employed for extracting antioxidants from various agricultural materials on a small scale. carbon dioxide being considered the most suitable and popular supercritical fluid.

Keywords

Antioxidants
Agricultural waste
pretreatment
extraction method
environment
Subjects
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  • Receive Date 17 July 2024
  • Revise Date 16 November 2024
  • Accept Date 28 December 2024

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