Iranian Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air Conditioning Engineers (IRSHRAE) Journal of Renewable and New Energy 2423-4931 13 1 2026 04 21 Methods of commercial production of antioxidants from fresh agricultural residues Methods of commercial production of antioxidants from fresh agricultural residues 1 11 218215 10.22034/jrenew.2026.218215 FA Himan Khodkam University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran 0000-0001-8333-1785 Hadi Ghaebi University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran 0000-0002-9561-2522 Journal Article 2024 07 17 As the global population continues to grow, the intersection of food production and environmental conservation has become increasingly crucial. It is estimated that non-food sectors account for approximately 25 to 30 percent of agricultural-industrial production, leading to substantial economic losses. Consequently, scientists have explored the potential of deriving bioactive compounds, such as antioxidants, from processed plant products as an alternative solution to this challenge. Agricultural waste can undergo pre-treatment methods and various physical and chemical extraction techniques to be utilized in diverse industries. The cellular structure of agricultural biological waste comprises hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin, necessitating the use of pre-treatment methods. Depending on the conditions and the type of raw material, a range of physical, chemical, and biological or enzymatic pre-treatment methods can be employed. The physical method of extraction does not involve the use of chemicals. The industrial-scale application of the ultrasound method for extracting antioxidants is considered a promising approach. Microwave extraction functions by evaporating water in plant cells, thereby increasing the pressure in the internal environment. Alkaline NaOH pretreatment stands out as one of the most commonly utilized thermochemical pretreatments, particularly effective for materials containing up to 26% lignin. Acidic pretreatment exhibits lower performance compared to alkaline pretreatment. Biological pretreatment methods are environmentally friendly due to the lack of chemical usage and generally require a longer period of time. Conventional extraction methods are employed for extracting antioxidants from various agricultural materials on a small scale. carbon dioxide being considered the most suitable and popular supercritical fluid. As the global population continues to grow, the intersection of food production and environmental conservation has become increasingly crucial. It is estimated that non-food sectors account for approximately 25 to 30 percent of agricultural-industrial production, leading to substantial economic losses. Consequently, scientists have explored the potential of deriving bioactive compounds, such as antioxidants, from processed plant products as an alternative solution to this challenge. Agricultural waste can undergo pre-treatment methods and various physical and chemical extraction techniques to be utilized in diverse industries. The cellular structure of agricultural biological waste comprises hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin, necessitating the use of pre-treatment methods. Depending on the conditions and the type of raw material, a range of physical, chemical, and biological or enzymatic pre-treatment methods can be employed. The physical method of extraction does not involve the use of chemicals. The industrial-scale application of the ultrasound method for extracting antioxidants is considered a promising approach. Microwave extraction functions by evaporating water in plant cells, thereby increasing the pressure in the internal environment. Alkaline NaOH pretreatment stands out as one of the most commonly utilized thermochemical pretreatments, particularly effective for materials containing up to 26% lignin. Acidic pretreatment exhibits lower performance compared to alkaline pretreatment. Biological pretreatment methods are environmentally friendly due to the lack of chemical usage and generally require a longer period of time. Conventional extraction methods are employed for extracting antioxidants from various agricultural materials on a small scale. carbon dioxide being considered the most suitable and popular supercritical fluid. https://www.jrenew.ir/article_218215_48800247249d3f46f15d882d847f07ed.pdf

Iranian Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air Conditioning Engineers (IRSHRAE) Journal of Renewable and New Energy 2423-4931 13 1 2026 04 21 Investigating the effect of electrolyzer operating variables to increase the efficiency in hydroxy gas production with regard to thermal and electrical processes Investigating the effect of electrolyzer operating variables to increase the efficiency in hydroxy gas production with regard to thermal and electrical processes 12 24 230280 10.22034/jrenew.2026.230280 FA Reza Shahraki Shahdabadi PhD Student, Energy Systems Engineering, K.N.Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran Seyed Ali Behbahani Nia Associate Professor, Energy Systems Engineering, K.N.Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran Seyed Mohammad Javad Hosseini Kahsari Associate Professor, Energy Conversion Engineering, Golestan University, Gorgan, Iran Journal Article 2025 01 31 Water electrolysis is considered an efficient method for producing hydroxy gas as a clean fuel. This study investigates the effect of electrolyte type and concentration (distilled water, tap water, potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide), temperature, and current intensity in a custom-designed, multi-cell dry electrolyzer. Experiments were conducted with electrolyte concentrations ranging from 5 to 20 wt% and temperatures from 23 to 70 °C. The research employed precise measurement systems and a three-repetition experimental design to ensure data validity, accuracy, and a systematic approach. The results indicated that a potassium hydroxide solution with a concentration of 15-20 wt%, at a temperature of 70 °C and a current intensity of 10-15 A, provided the maximum gas production (up to 156 L/hr) with optimal energy consumption (1.3-2 Wh/L). Furthermore, increasing the potassium hydroxide concentration up to 20% significantly reduced the solution’s resistance and increased electrical conductivity; however, values exceeding this range were practically associated with excessive energy consumption and corrosion risk. Additionally, the ohmic resistance of the electrolyzer was dependent on the type of electrolyte and water hardness, and increasing the temperature improved the efficiency of the process. Water electrolysis is considered an efficient method for producing hydroxy gas as a clean fuel. This study investigates the effect of electrolyte type and concentration (distilled water, tap water, potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide), temperature, and current intensity in a custom-designed, multi-cell dry electrolyzer. Experiments were conducted with electrolyte concentrations ranging from 5 to 20 wt% and temperatures from 23 to 70 °C. The research employed precise measurement systems and a three-repetition experimental design to ensure data validity, accuracy, and a systematic approach. The results indicated that a potassium hydroxide solution with a concentration of 15-20 wt%, at a temperature of 70 °C and a current intensity of 10-15 A, provided the maximum gas production (up to 156 L/hr) with optimal energy consumption (1.3-2 Wh/L). Furthermore, increasing the potassium hydroxide concentration up to 20% significantly reduced the solution’s resistance and increased electrical conductivity; however, values exceeding this range were practically associated with excessive energy consumption and corrosion risk. Additionally, the ohmic resistance of the electrolyzer was dependent on the type of electrolyte and water hardness, and increasing the temperature improved the efficiency of the process. https://www.jrenew.ir/article_230280_85ea15a7a58df1b431cdc9082fd5dfe4.pdf

Iranian Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air Conditioning Engineers (IRSHRAE) Journal of Renewable and New Energy 2423-4931 13 1 2026 04 21 A 13-Level Inverter Based on Switched-Capacitor With Modified Hybrid Phase Shifted Modulation A 13-Level Inverter Based on Switched-Capacitor With Modified Hybrid Phase Shifted Modulation 25 36 230392 10.22034/jrenew.2026.230392 FA Hossein Mansorizadeh Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran Majid Hosseinpour Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran 0000-0001-5074-4604 Shahab Sajedi School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland Journal Article 2024 10 27 In this paper, a new structure for a multi-level switched-capacitor inverter with a combined phase shift switching method is proposed to reduce the number of components and voltage ripple and charging current of capacitors. The proposed structure combines a switching capacitor unit (SC) and a flying capacitor unit (FC). The advantages of the proposed structure include reducing number of devices, simplifying control, providing voltage boosting capability, and reducing voltage ripple and inrush current of capacitors with the proposed combined phase shift modulation. Applying the proposed modulation leads to the reduction of the maximum continuous discharge period. It reduces the voltage ripple and inrush current of the capacitors, which ultimately causes an effective reduction of the ripple and conductive losses. Ten switches, two diodes, and three capacitors are used to create 13 levels. The proposed structure, which has fewer devices than other 13-level inverters, does not require a capacitor with a high-rated voltage. The flying capacitor used in the proposed structure can naturally be balanced at half of the input DC voltage (0.5Vdc). Following the simple control of the voltage balance of the capacitors, this structure requires only five switching signals, which reduces the overall system cost. The circuit's performance, the proposed modulation scheme, the capacitors' automatic balancing, and their charging and discharging process have been investigated. Numerical comparison with recent 13-level inverters, shows the advantages of simple control, cost-effectiveness,, reduced voltage ripple and inrush current. Finally, simulation results are presented and analyzed to verify the validity of the proposed structure. In this paper, a new structure for a multi-level switched-capacitor inverter with a combined phase shift switching method is proposed to reduce the number of components and voltage ripple and charging current of capacitors. The proposed structure combines a switching capacitor unit (SC) and a flying capacitor unit (FC). The advantages of the proposed structure include reducing number of devices, simplifying control, providing voltage boosting capability, and reducing voltage ripple and inrush current of capacitors with the proposed combined phase shift modulation. Applying the proposed modulation leads to the reduction of the maximum continuous discharge period. It reduces the voltage ripple and inrush current of the capacitors, which ultimately causes an effective reduction of the ripple and conductive losses. Ten switches, two diodes, and three capacitors are used to create 13 levels. The proposed structure, which has fewer devices than other 13-level inverters, does not require a capacitor with a high-rated voltage. The flying capacitor used in the proposed structure can naturally be balanced at half of the input DC voltage (0.5Vdc). Following the simple control of the voltage balance of the capacitors, this structure requires only five switching signals, which reduces the overall system cost. The circuit's performance, the proposed modulation scheme, the capacitors' automatic balancing, and their charging and discharging process have been investigated. Numerical comparison with recent 13-level inverters, shows the advantages of simple control, cost-effectiveness,, reduced voltage ripple and inrush current. Finally, simulation results are presented and analyzed to verify the validity of the proposed structure. https://www.jrenew.ir/article_230392_6d9947b35046bd4f92a419f0a1666feb.pdf

Iranian Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air Conditioning Engineers (IRSHRAE) Journal of Renewable and New Energy 2423-4931 13 1 2026 04 21 Technical and economical evaluation of photovoltaic system for a remote village in Yazd Technical and economical evaluation of photovoltaic system for a remote village in Yazd 37 45 231716 10.22034/jrenew.2026.231716 FA Mohmmad Hosein Ghasemi Department of Chemical engineering, Jundi-Shapur University of Technology, Dezful, Iran Siavash Chakipour Department of Chemical engineering, Jundi-Shapur University of Technology, Dezful, Iran Shady Sharifzadeh Department of Chemial Engineering, Jundi-Shapur University of Technology, Dezful, Iran Marzieh Lotfi Department of Chemical Engineering, Jundi-Shapur University of Technology, Dezful, Iran Mojtaba Shafiee Department of Chemical engineering, Jundi-Shapur University of Technology, Dezful, Iran Journal Article 2023 11 08 In recent years, the concern of human society regarding the phenomenon of global warming and pollution caused by the high consumption of fossil fuels for sustainable energy production has increased. The purpose of this article is the technical and economic evaluation of electricity production by solar panels in remote areas that do not have access to the national electricity system or are facing problems such as continuous power outages. We also examine the factors affecting the design, implementation, and maintenance costs of the photovoltaic system, and in terms of environmental pollution, there is a comparison with power plant systems. The results show that energy production is affected by various factors such as atmospheric conditions and temperature, so that the highest consumption and lowest energy production are observed in cloudy months (January and December). The efficiency of the system reaches its maximum in summer and in standard conditions, the photovoltaic efficiency is 16.56%. The amount of energy produced annually is equal to 3170 kilowatt hours, of which 2929 kilowatt hours are consumed and 141 kw.hr are wasted. Also, the estimation of greenhouse gas emissions shows that the use of photovoltaic system is equivalent to saving 1.7 tons of CO2 emissions from natural gas fuel and 18 tons from gasoline fuel. The costs related to the purchase of equipment and maintenance of the system have also been investigated and the economic and environmental efficiency of these systems have been evaluated. In recent years, the concern of human society regarding the phenomenon of global warming and pollution caused by the high consumption of fossil fuels for sustainable energy production has increased. The purpose of this article is the technical and economic evaluation of electricity production by solar panels in remote areas that do not have access to the national electricity system or are facing problems such as continuous power outages. We also examine the factors affecting the design, implementation, and maintenance costs of the photovoltaic system, and in terms of environmental pollution, there is a comparison with power plant systems. The results show that energy production is affected by various factors such as atmospheric conditions and temperature, so that the highest consumption and lowest energy production are observed in cloudy months (January and December). The efficiency of the system reaches its maximum in summer and in standard conditions, the photovoltaic efficiency is 16.56%. The amount of energy produced annually is equal to 3170 kilowatt hours, of which 2929 kilowatt hours are consumed and 141 kw.hr are wasted. Also, the estimation of greenhouse gas emissions shows that the use of photovoltaic system is equivalent to saving 1.7 tons of CO2 emissions from natural gas fuel and 18 tons from gasoline fuel. The costs related to the purchase of equipment and maintenance of the system have also been investigated and the economic and environmental efficiency of these systems have been evaluated. https://www.jrenew.ir/article_231716_3ee043cdac91967a61d2089a5c761c27.pdf

Iranian Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air Conditioning Engineers (IRSHRAE) Journal of Renewable and New Energy 2423-4931 13 1 2026 04 21 Investigating the effect of phase change material in Trombe wall on the energy efficiency of the building (Study case: Building of Tejarat Bank Shabea, University of Zanjan - cold and dry climate) Investigating the effect of phase change material in Trombe wall on the energy efficiency of the building (Study case: Building of Tejarat Bank Shabea, University of Zanjan - cold and dry climate) 46 52 233278 10.22034/jrenew.2026.233278 FA Mehrdad Baghdadi Master of Science, Department of Architecture, Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran 0009-0003-3165-2116 Hossein Medi assistant professor, Department of Architecture, Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran 0000-0002-5537-593X Maryam Azmoodeh assistant professor, Department of Architecture, Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran 0000-0002-1719-8565 Najmeh Masteri Farahani Instructor, Department of Architecture and Urban Planning, Technical and Vocational University (TVU), Tehran, Iran 0000-0003-4569-0423 Journal Article 2024 05 29 Today, the use of solar energy is one of the ways to reduce the energy consumption of buildings. One of the practical methods in this field is the use of Trombe walls. The purpose of this research is to determine the solution to improve the thermal performance of Trombe wall, the thermal comfort of the interior of the building and reduce the cooling and heating load in all seasons, using phase change materials. The method of carrying out this quasi-experimental research using the simulation of a real project, in the Design Builder software environment, on two types of traditional trombe walls and with phase change materials, has been a real example in a cold and dry climate. From the investigations, it can be seen that a 30 cm thick concrete wall with a thermal resistance of 0.65 with a delay time of 7 hours and 12 minutes is the best type of traditional trombe wall; which reduces the consumption of heating, cooling and primary energy by about 20, 14 and 8 percent, respectively. In the combined Trombe wall, the amount of heating, cooling and primary energy can be reduced by 51, 11 and 15%, respectively, with phase change materials. This result points to the high efficiency of phase change materials in the thrombus wall in reducing the heating load. The use of phase change materials can improve the thermal comfort of the interior of the building and reduce energy consumption compared to the traditional trombe wall all year round. Today, the use of solar energy is one of the ways to reduce the energy consumption of buildings. One of the practical methods in this field is the use of Trombe walls. The purpose of this research is to determine the solution to improve the thermal performance of Trombe wall, the thermal comfort of the interior of the building and reduce the cooling and heating load in all seasons, using phase change materials. The method of carrying out this quasi-experimental research using the simulation of a real project, in the Design Builder software environment, on two types of traditional trombe walls and with phase change materials, has been a real example in a cold and dry climate. From the investigations, it can be seen that a 30 cm thick concrete wall with a thermal resistance of 0.65 with a delay time of 7 hours and 12 minutes is the best type of traditional trombe wall; which reduces the consumption of heating, cooling and primary energy by about 20, 14 and 8 percent, respectively. In the combined Trombe wall, the amount of heating, cooling and primary energy can be reduced by 51, 11 and 15%, respectively, with phase change materials. This result points to the high efficiency of phase change materials in the thrombus wall in reducing the heating load. The use of phase change materials can improve the thermal comfort of the interior of the building and reduce energy consumption compared to the traditional trombe wall all year round. https://www.jrenew.ir/article_233278_82cd7a6dcf53d45ef8cd5b99dc6a2ba8.pdf

Iranian Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air Conditioning Engineers (IRSHRAE) Journal of Renewable and New Energy 2423-4931 13 1 2026 04 21 Transformation in Agricultural and Post-Harvest Industries Using Phase Change Material Composites Transformation in Agricultural and Post-Harvest Industries Using Phase Change Material Composites 53 62 234498 10.22034/jrenew.2026.234498 FA Sasan Keramat Department of Biosystems Engineering, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Iran Aziz Babapoor University of Mohaghegh Ardabili Journal Article 2025 06 07 Phase Change Materials (PCMs) are used as thermal energy storage in various agricultural sectors. In greenhouses, PCMs help stabilize the growing environment by absorbing excess heat during the day and releasing it at night. Similarly, in solar dryers, these materials store energy during sunlight hours and release it after sunset, extending the effective drying time of agricultural products. PCM use in water purification systems, such as solar distillation, ensures a continuous supply of clean water by storing heat and maintaining the distillation process during non-sunlight hours. Additionally, in the cold chain for transporting food products, PCMs maintain optimal temperatures, preventing premature spoilage and preserving product quality. These applications offer significant thermal benefits, such as reducing temperature fluctuations and enhancing energy efficiency. From an environmental perspective, PCMs reduce the reliance on fossil fuels and lower emissions by harnessing stored solar energy, contributing to agricultural sustainability. The future prospects of PCMs in agriculture are promising, with ongoing research focused on improving the thermal properties of these materials (enhancing heat storage capacity, reducing supercooling effects, and improving thermal conductivity) while lowering costs. It is expected that with the resolution of current challenges, PCMs will play an even greater role in optimizing energy use and supporting sustainable agricultural development. Phase Change Materials (PCMs) are used as thermal energy storage in various agricultural sectors. In greenhouses, PCMs help stabilize the growing environment by absorbing excess heat during the day and releasing it at night. Similarly, in solar dryers, these materials store energy during sunlight hours and release it after sunset, extending the effective drying time of agricultural products. PCM use in water purification systems, such as solar distillation, ensures a continuous supply of clean water by storing heat and maintaining the distillation process during non-sunlight hours. Additionally, in the cold chain for transporting food products, PCMs maintain optimal temperatures, preventing premature spoilage and preserving product quality. These applications offer significant thermal benefits, such as reducing temperature fluctuations and enhancing energy efficiency. From an environmental perspective, PCMs reduce the reliance on fossil fuels and lower emissions by harnessing stored solar energy, contributing to agricultural sustainability. The future prospects of PCMs in agriculture are promising, with ongoing research focused on improving the thermal properties of these materials (enhancing heat storage capacity, reducing supercooling effects, and improving thermal conductivity) while lowering costs. It is expected that with the resolution of current challenges, PCMs will play an even greater role in optimizing energy use and supporting sustainable agricultural development. https://www.jrenew.ir/article_234498_b81d8f728fbc2214fa9207a84de78e4e.pdf

Iranian Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air Conditioning Engineers (IRSHRAE) Journal of Renewable and New Energy 2423-4931 13 1 2026 04 21 Identifying key obstacles and challenges to the development of renewable energies in European and Asian countries with a meta-synthesis approach Identifying key obstacles and challenges to the development of renewable energies in European and Asian countries with a meta-synthesis approach 63 72 234592 10.22034/jrenew.2026.234592 FA Peyman Taghipour Department of Management, Urmia Branch, Islamic Azad University,Urmia, Iran. Reza Rostamzadeh Department of Management, Urmia Branch, Islamic Azad University, Urmia, Iran. 0000-0002-6161-7173 Karim Esgandari Department of Public Administration, Payam Noor University, Tehran.Iran Kamran Sarhangi Department of Management, Urmia Branch, Islamic Azad University,Urmia, Iran. Journal Article 2025 06 07 Given the depletion of fossil fuel resources and the production of pollutants, humanity is increasingly seeking to replace them with renewable energy sources. The aim of this study is to identify the key barriers and challenges in the development of renewable energy and the gradual phase-out of fossil fuels in European and Asian countries. This research is of a qualitative type and its data was collected according to the meta-synthesis method and in seven stages specified by Sandelovski and Barroso (2007). 50 studies have been used for evaluation in this research according to the quality of sources. The Kappa value in this research is 0.81, which indicates the reliability of the findings. The data was analyzed with MAXQDA software and as a result 9 dimensions, 17 components and 306 codes were identified. This study presents an innovative model for classifying the problems and barriers to the development of renewable energy. This model can be utilized by policymakers, technology innovators, and stakeholders in the field. The study also emphasizes the necessity of implementing shared power grids between neighboring countries and using the identified models in quantitative assessments. The model developed in this study can create a conducive environment for the growth of renewable energy and ensure long-term sustainability in global energy systems. International cooperation can effectively help address technical and regional limitations, thereby enhancing energy security and global sustainability. Given the depletion of fossil fuel resources and the production of pollutants, humanity is increasingly seeking to replace them with renewable energy sources. The aim of this study is to identify the key barriers and challenges in the development of renewable energy and the gradual phase-out of fossil fuels in European and Asian countries. This research is of a qualitative type and its data was collected according to the meta-synthesis method and in seven stages specified by Sandelovski and Barroso (2007). 50 studies have been used for evaluation in this research according to the quality of sources. The Kappa value in this research is 0.81, which indicates the reliability of the findings. The data was analyzed with MAXQDA software and as a result 9 dimensions, 17 components and 306 codes were identified. This study presents an innovative model for classifying the problems and barriers to the development of renewable energy. This model can be utilized by policymakers, technology innovators, and stakeholders in the field. The study also emphasizes the necessity of implementing shared power grids between neighboring countries and using the identified models in quantitative assessments. The model developed in this study can create a conducive environment for the growth of renewable energy and ensure long-term sustainability in global energy systems. International cooperation can effectively help address technical and regional limitations, thereby enhancing energy security and global sustainability. https://www.jrenew.ir/article_234592_ecdb90e1f3f2f5502d79bef21b7e6c56.pdf

Iranian Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air Conditioning Engineers (IRSHRAE) Journal of Renewable and New Energy 2423-4931 13 1 2026 04 21 Experimental Investigation of the Effect of Phase Change (PCM) Materials on the Performance of an Improved Stepped Solar Still Experimental Investigation of the Effect of Phase Change (PCM) Materials on the Performance of an Improved Stepped Solar Still 73 83 235951 10.22034/jrenew.2026.235951 FA حسین امیری Department of Energy, Institute of Science and High Technology and Environmental Sciences. Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman, Iran GholamAbbas Ahadi Department of Energy, Institute of Science and High Technology and Environmental Sciences. Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman, Iran Journal Article 2024 06 06 Desalination of brackish water using solar still is a desirable and attractive option for decentralized and sustainable fresh water production. The author of the present study has recently developed and conducted experimental investigations on an improved stepped solar still. Their experimental results indicate a very good performance of this solar still. However, this unit cannot produce fresh water during the night due to the lack of sunlight. To overcome this problem, storing solar energy during the day and utilizing it at night can be a suitable solution, achievable through the use of phase change materials (PCM). In the present study, the effect of adding paraffin wax as a PCM to the absorber of the improved stepped solar still was experimentally investigated. For this purpose, two improved stepped solar still with identical dimensions and specifications were simultaneously tested, one being simple and the other equipped with the PCM. The experiments were conducted in June 2021 under the climatic conditions of Kerman city. The test results show that using the PCM relatively improves the performance of the desalination unit, enhancing its efficiency by 3.7% to 12% under different design and operating conditions. Desalination of brackish water using solar still is a desirable and attractive option for decentralized and sustainable fresh water production. The author of the present study has recently developed and conducted experimental investigations on an improved stepped solar still. Their experimental results indicate a very good performance of this solar still. However, this unit cannot produce fresh water during the night due to the lack of sunlight. To overcome this problem, storing solar energy during the day and utilizing it at night can be a suitable solution, achievable through the use of phase change materials (PCM). In the present study, the effect of adding paraffin wax as a PCM to the absorber of the improved stepped solar still was experimentally investigated. For this purpose, two improved stepped solar still with identical dimensions and specifications were simultaneously tested, one being simple and the other equipped with the PCM. The experiments were conducted in June 2021 under the climatic conditions of Kerman city. The test results show that using the PCM relatively improves the performance of the desalination unit, enhancing its efficiency by 3.7% to 12% under different design and operating conditions. https://www.jrenew.ir/article_235951_f8c381145b64c7967b9012eb36ab398e.pdf

Iranian Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air Conditioning Engineers (IRSHRAE) Journal of Renewable and New Energy 2423-4931 13 1 2026 04 21 Technical-Economic Feasibility of Using Methanol as a Fuel Additive in Iran's Gasoline Technical-Economic Feasibility of Using Methanol as a Fuel Additive in Iran's Gasoline 84 93 236726 10.22034/jrenew.2026.236726 FA یاسین جوادی Master&#039;s degree, Faculty of Energy Engineering, Sharif University, Tehran, Iran 0009-0002-1359-8913 Hassan Heidari Master of the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran 0009-0004-0759-1111 Amin Hassani Faculty of Energy, Water, and Environment institute, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran Abbas Maleki Professor, Faculty of Energy Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran 0000-0002-4201-9549 Journal Article 2025 03 01 With the growing demand for gasoline and limitations in domestic production capacity, the use of methanol as an additive has been proposed to reduce Iran’s energy imbalance. This study evaluates the technical and economic feasibility of methanol blending by examining domestic production capacity, reviewing international experiences, conducting laboratory analyses, and assessing economic viability.<br><br>Iran, producing over 12 million tons of methanol annually, holds a significant global position and has the capacity to support methanol-gasoline blending. The findings show that low-percentage blending, particularly around 3% by volume, increases the octane number, reduces certain pollutants, and could yield up to $1.6 billion in annual foreign currency savings. However, technical challenges, including higher vapor pressure, phase separation at low temperatures, and corrosion of fuel system components, must be addressed through resistant materials, appropriate additives, and optimization of blending conditions.<br><br>In the experimental part of this study, three types of domestic base gasoline were blended with 3% methanol and tested for phase stability and vapor pressure changes under different temperatures. Results indicated that some samples exhibited phase separation at subzero temperatures, suggesting a need for fuel formulation improvements or the use of emulsifiers.<br><br>Economically, analysis of different blending scenarios reveals that introducing low-percentage methanol blends could significantly reduce gasoline imports and save foreign currency. However, the success of this strategy depends on coordinated efforts among the petrochemical and automotive industries and policymakers, as well as the development of supportive technical standards. With the growing demand for gasoline and limitations in domestic production capacity, the use of methanol as an additive has been proposed to reduce Iran’s energy imbalance. This study evaluates the technical and economic feasibility of methanol blending by examining domestic production capacity, reviewing international experiences, conducting laboratory analyses, and assessing economic viability.<br><br>Iran, producing over 12 million tons of methanol annually, holds a significant global position and has the capacity to support methanol-gasoline blending. The findings show that low-percentage blending, particularly around 3% by volume, increases the octane number, reduces certain pollutants, and could yield up to $1.6 billion in annual foreign currency savings. However, technical challenges, including higher vapor pressure, phase separation at low temperatures, and corrosion of fuel system components, must be addressed through resistant materials, appropriate additives, and optimization of blending conditions.<br><br>In the experimental part of this study, three types of domestic base gasoline were blended with 3% methanol and tested for phase stability and vapor pressure changes under different temperatures. Results indicated that some samples exhibited phase separation at subzero temperatures, suggesting a need for fuel formulation improvements or the use of emulsifiers.<br><br>Economically, analysis of different blending scenarios reveals that introducing low-percentage methanol blends could significantly reduce gasoline imports and save foreign currency. However, the success of this strategy depends on coordinated efforts among the petrochemical and automotive industries and policymakers, as well as the development of supportive technical standards. https://www.jrenew.ir/article_236726_3b52fc1495cffd0483726ec287ffa795.pdf

Iranian Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air Conditioning Engineers (IRSHRAE) Journal of Renewable and New Energy 2423-4931 13 1 2026 04 21 Mapping the Placement of Solar Panels in Urban Areas Using Three-Dimensional Analysis Based on LiDAR Data and Geographic Information Systems Mapping the Placement of Solar Panels in Urban Areas Using Three-Dimensional Analysis Based on LiDAR Data and Geographic Information Systems 94 104 239593 10.22034/jrenew.2026.239593 FA Seyedeh Aida Mirshafiey M.Sc. Student of Photogrammetry, Faculty of Civil, Water and Environmental Engineering, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran Saeid Sadeghian Associate Professor, Faculty of Civil, Water and Environmental Engineering, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2025 03 20 The expansion of renewable energy use, especially photovoltaic systems, has received widespread attention in recent years as an effective strategy for reducing dependence on fossil energy sources, enhancing energy security, and decreasing greenhouse gas emissions. Among these, building rooftops—due to their large surface area, suitable location, and direct access to sunlight—are considered one of the key and sustainable options for installing solar panels in urban environments. The aim of this study is to conduct a technical and economic assessment of the potential of urban rooftops for solar system installation, using lidar data and geographic information system analyses. To this end, 10,369 buildings in an area of Brooklyn, New York, were examined in terms of effective area, slope, orientation, and amount of solar radiation received, based on a digital surface model derived from lidar. Subsequently, an economic analysis was performed using indicators such as return on investment and payback period. The results showed that approximately 63.75 percent of the suitable rooftops had a payback period of less than two years. The proposed integrated approach can serve as an efficient and practical tool for planning the development of solar infrastructure in dense urban areas. The expansion of renewable energy use, especially photovoltaic systems, has received widespread attention in recent years as an effective strategy for reducing dependence on fossil energy sources, enhancing energy security, and decreasing greenhouse gas emissions. Among these, building rooftops—due to their large surface area, suitable location, and direct access to sunlight—are considered one of the key and sustainable options for installing solar panels in urban environments. The aim of this study is to conduct a technical and economic assessment of the potential of urban rooftops for solar system installation, using lidar data and geographic information system analyses. To this end, 10,369 buildings in an area of Brooklyn, New York, were examined in terms of effective area, slope, orientation, and amount of solar radiation received, based on a digital surface model derived from lidar. Subsequently, an economic analysis was performed using indicators such as return on investment and payback period. The results showed that approximately 63.75 percent of the suitable rooftops had a payback period of less than two years. The proposed integrated approach can serve as an efficient and practical tool for planning the development of solar infrastructure in dense urban areas. https://www.jrenew.ir/article_239593_faa2c1535ff7227feea2cc217e632fe2.pdf

Iranian Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air Conditioning Engineers (IRSHRAE) Journal of Renewable and New Energy 2423-4931 13 1 2026 04 21 Optimization of openings in residential buildings for using daylight and ventilation (Case Study: Omid Residential Complex, Tehran) Optimization of openings in residential buildings for using daylight and ventilation (Case Study: Omid Residential Complex, Tehran) 104 112 239862 10.22034/jrenew.2026.239862 FA Nima Takhti Department of Architecture, School of Architecture and Environmental Design, Iran University of Science &amp; Technology, Tehran, Iran Seyed-Abbas Yazdanfar Department of Architecture, School of Architecture and Environmental Design, Iran University of Science &amp; Technology, Tehran, Iran 0000-0002-0719-6961 Saeid Norouzian-Maleki Department of Landscape Architecture, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran 0000-0003-4963-7814 Journal Article 2025 04 19 According to the official statistics of the International Energy Agency, about forty percent of the world’s energy is consumed by buildings. Considering the energy crisis and the destructive effects on the environment and humans, finding new solutions and ideas in energy consumption is the duty of today’s architects. To save energy for the proper use of useful daylight and ventilation, the implementation of passive solutions to regulate the indoor environment and on the other hand daylight plays a significant role in ensuring the health of residents. Therefore, by examining the available resources in the field of energy consumption reduction and extracting the indicators and systems used in them, the simulation method with the Ladybug tools v1.6 plugin on the Grasshopper software platform was selected. By optimizing the ratio of window to wall area (WWR), the results of two factors of useful day lighting and building ventilation were improved. 100 generations were produced in the optimization process. The optimal solution has been produced among the generations that the optimal ratio of WWR for useful daylight is set at 40% on the north face and 20% on the south face, and 15% on the north face and 40% on the south face for the ventilation and energy sector of the building. According to the official statistics of the International Energy Agency, about forty percent of the world’s energy is consumed by buildings. Considering the energy crisis and the destructive effects on the environment and humans, finding new solutions and ideas in energy consumption is the duty of today’s architects. To save energy for the proper use of useful daylight and ventilation, the implementation of passive solutions to regulate the indoor environment and on the other hand daylight plays a significant role in ensuring the health of residents. Therefore, by examining the available resources in the field of energy consumption reduction and extracting the indicators and systems used in them, the simulation method with the Ladybug tools v1.6 plugin on the Grasshopper software platform was selected. By optimizing the ratio of window to wall area (WWR), the results of two factors of useful day lighting and building ventilation were improved. 100 generations were produced in the optimization process. The optimal solution has been produced among the generations that the optimal ratio of WWR for useful daylight is set at 40% on the north face and 20% on the south face, and 15% on the north face and 40% on the south face for the ventilation and energy sector of the building. https://www.jrenew.ir/article_239862_06606c08b554051586437317fde701cf.pdf

Iranian Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air Conditioning Engineers (IRSHRAE) Journal of Renewable and New Energy 2423-4931 13 1 2026 04 21 Optimization of Perovskite Solar Cell Performance Using Graphene in the Electron Transport Layer and Using Anti-Reflection Coating Optimization of Perovskite Solar Cell Performance Using Graphene in the Electron Transport Layer and Using Anti-Reflection Coating 113 121 239863 10.22034/jrenew.2026.239863 FA Mojtaba Shahraki Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran Naser Javanmard Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran Journal Article 2025 07 30 One of the most important challenges facing perovskite solar cells is to increase their efficiency. Different methods can be used to increase the efficiency of this solar cells, where changing the layers around the perovskite is one approach. In this paper, the structure of perovskite solar cells has been investigated, simulated, and optimized. In these simulations, three different materials including TiO2, graphene, and a combination of these two materials with different percentages of graphene in the electron transport layer (ETL) is used. The results show that the combination of 5% graphene with TiO2 provides the best performance with a maximum current density of 22 mA/cm². Furthermore, the effect of the thickness of different layers on the efficiency of the solar cell has been investigated, and the impact of changes in the perovskite layer, hole transport layer, electron transport layer, and transparent oxide layer on the efficiency has been studied. Additionally, a particle swarm optimization method has been used to achieve the best possible structure. Finally, with the application of an anti-reflective coating (ARC) made of silicon dioxide (SiO2), the efficiency of the structure increased to 16.49%. One of the most important challenges facing perovskite solar cells is to increase their efficiency. Different methods can be used to increase the efficiency of this solar cells, where changing the layers around the perovskite is one approach. In this paper, the structure of perovskite solar cells has been investigated, simulated, and optimized. In these simulations, three different materials including TiO2, graphene, and a combination of these two materials with different percentages of graphene in the electron transport layer (ETL) is used. The results show that the combination of 5% graphene with TiO2 provides the best performance with a maximum current density of 22 mA/cm². Furthermore, the effect of the thickness of different layers on the efficiency of the solar cell has been investigated, and the impact of changes in the perovskite layer, hole transport layer, electron transport layer, and transparent oxide layer on the efficiency has been studied. Additionally, a particle swarm optimization method has been used to achieve the best possible structure. Finally, with the application of an anti-reflective coating (ARC) made of silicon dioxide (SiO2), the efficiency of the structure increased to 16.49%. https://www.jrenew.ir/article_239863_c89966f253de74b381ca255c195e88fb.pdf

Iranian Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air Conditioning Engineers (IRSHRAE) Journal of Renewable and New Energy 2423-4931 13 1 2026 04 21 Numerical Investigation of the Effect of Nanofluid on the Thermal and Electrical Performance of Solar Cells Numerical Investigation of the Effect of Nanofluid on the Thermal and Electrical Performance of Solar Cells 122 132 239866 10.22034/jrenew.2026.239866 FA Miralam Mahdi Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University, Tehran, Iran Mohammad Reza Khoshnood , Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University, Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2025 05 13 Thermophotovoltaic technology has significantly improved the utilization rate of solar energy by effectively addressing the issues of high temperature and low electrical efficiency in photovoltaic cells. In this study, a photovoltaic-thermal (PV-T) system model was simulated using water and alumina nanofluid with three different volume fractions ranging from 0.1% to 3%. The effects of operational parameters such as inlet temperature, solar radiation, ambient temperature, and mass flow rate of the cooling fluid were numerically investigated. The simulation was conducted using ANSYS Fluent software with a two-phase mixture model. The risers were considered as longitudinal circular tubes, and simulations were performed for mass flow rates ranging from 10 L/h to 60 L/h for both water and alumina nanofluid with three different volume fractions. The thermal conductivity and thermal expansion coefficient of the nanofluid were introduced into the software via a User-Defined Function (UDF). The variations in fluid outlet temperature, solar cell temperature, pressure drop, thermal efficiency, electrical efficiency, and overall efficiency were analyzed as a function of mass flow rate. The results indicate that the nanofluid with a 2.5% volume fraction achieves the highest thermal efficiency. Thermophotovoltaic technology has significantly improved the utilization rate of solar energy by effectively addressing the issues of high temperature and low electrical efficiency in photovoltaic cells. In this study, a photovoltaic-thermal (PV-T) system model was simulated using water and alumina nanofluid with three different volume fractions ranging from 0.1% to 3%. The effects of operational parameters such as inlet temperature, solar radiation, ambient temperature, and mass flow rate of the cooling fluid were numerically investigated. The simulation was conducted using ANSYS Fluent software with a two-phase mixture model. The risers were considered as longitudinal circular tubes, and simulations were performed for mass flow rates ranging from 10 L/h to 60 L/h for both water and alumina nanofluid with three different volume fractions. The thermal conductivity and thermal expansion coefficient of the nanofluid were introduced into the software via a User-Defined Function (UDF). The variations in fluid outlet temperature, solar cell temperature, pressure drop, thermal efficiency, electrical efficiency, and overall efficiency were analyzed as a function of mass flow rate. The results indicate that the nanofluid with a 2.5% volume fraction achieves the highest thermal efficiency. https://www.jrenew.ir/article_239866_32f9e52d9f8cf2d53f96c18d0a981f8d.pdf

Iranian Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air Conditioning Engineers (IRSHRAE) Journal of Renewable and New Energy 2423-4931 13 1 2026 04 21 Design and construction of a solar refrigerator using a thermoelectric cooling element Design and construction of a solar refrigerator using a thermoelectric cooling element 133 141 240972 10.22034/jrenew.2026.240972 FA Meraj Rajaee Department of Electrical Engineering, National University of Skills (NUS), Tehran, Iran 0000-0001-6693-308X Mina Jalali Department of Physics and Energy Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology (AUT), Tehran, Iran 0000-0002-4323-8356 Journal Article 2025 06 07 In the present era, with the increasing demand for electrical energy and attention to clean sources, solar energy has emerged as a sustainable solution. This article focuses on the design and construction of a portable solar refrigerator that utilizes solar panels and thermoelectric elements to provide cooling in areas with limited or no access to grid electricity. Thermoelectric elements, employing the Peltier effect, transfer heat from one side to the other, enabling cooling without the need for a compressor. This feature makes solar refrigerators an ideal option for remote areas and emergency situations. The designed refrigerator, with a durable galvanized steel body, easy portability, and efficient cooling performance, can reduce the ambient temperature from 28 degrees Celsius to 6 degrees Celsius. This capability allows for the storage of temperature-sensitive food and pharmaceutical products in various conditions. The conducted tests demonstrate that this solar refrigerator, with its acceptable performance and appropriate efficiency, can be used as a sustainable and reliable solution in diverse environments. Potential applications include camping trips, remote areas, transportation of food and pharmaceuticals, and emergency situations.<br><br>Given the continuous advancements in solar energy and thermoelectric element technologies, it is expected that solar refrigerators will play a significant role in meeting cooling needs in the future. In the present era, with the increasing demand for electrical energy and attention to clean sources, solar energy has emerged as a sustainable solution. This article focuses on the design and construction of a portable solar refrigerator that utilizes solar panels and thermoelectric elements to provide cooling in areas with limited or no access to grid electricity. Thermoelectric elements, employing the Peltier effect, transfer heat from one side to the other, enabling cooling without the need for a compressor. This feature makes solar refrigerators an ideal option for remote areas and emergency situations. The designed refrigerator, with a durable galvanized steel body, easy portability, and efficient cooling performance, can reduce the ambient temperature from 28 degrees Celsius to 6 degrees Celsius. This capability allows for the storage of temperature-sensitive food and pharmaceutical products in various conditions. The conducted tests demonstrate that this solar refrigerator, with its acceptable performance and appropriate efficiency, can be used as a sustainable and reliable solution in diverse environments. Potential applications include camping trips, remote areas, transportation of food and pharmaceuticals, and emergency situations.<br><br>Given the continuous advancements in solar energy and thermoelectric element technologies, it is expected that solar refrigerators will play a significant role in meeting cooling needs in the future. https://www.jrenew.ir/article_240972_eba26c0e29a5ba4ba0345d4b9c216ab5.pdf

Iranian Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air Conditioning Engineers (IRSHRAE) Journal of Renewable and New Energy 2423-4931 13 1 2026 04 21 Investigating the status of agricultural waste and providing new disposal solutions Investigating the status of agricultural waste and providing new disposal solutions 142 152 219649 10.22034/jrenew.2026.219649 FA Himan Khodkam PhD Student in Renewable Energy, Department of Biosystem Engineering, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran 0000-0001-8333-1785 Razieh Pourdarbani Professor of Biosystem Engineering, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran 0000-0003-0766-8305 Bahman Najafi Professor of Biosystem engineering, University of MohagheghArdabili, Ardabil, Iran Journal Article 2024 04 29 Forest residues serve various purposes globally. The inclusion of forest residues enhances the mechanical properties of wooden panels by up to 50%. Briquettes produced from branches exhibit a longer burning time compared to those made from wood sourced from tree trunks, attributed to the higher lignin content, which augments frictional and compressive strength. Biochar, distinguished by its porous and highly carbonated nature, acts as a unique adsorbent. It enhances soil fertility, water retention, pH levels, and organic matter, while mitigating nutrient leaching and the infiltration of organic and inorganic pollutants. Optimal biochar production efficiency is achieved at lower temperatures with elevated lignin content. The production sources for biochar include plants and fertilizers. Biochar derived from plants can be utilized as a soil conditioner, while biochar derived from manure can function as both a soil conditioner and fertilizer due to the release of nutrients. However, forest residues are not as effective for biogas production; the methane yield from hardwood residues is several times greater than that from softwood residues. The production of ethanol or butanol is influenced by the organic materials to microorganisms ratio. The high cost of hydrolytic enzymes diminishes the appeal of the enzymatic hydrolysis process, despite its significant advantages. Forest residues have the potential to serve as substrates for the growth of diverse insects. Furthermore, cultivating edible mushrooms on these substrates derived from forest agricultural residues can contribute to sustainable forest management, environmental protection, and global food security in the future. Forest residues serve various purposes globally. The inclusion of forest residues enhances the mechanical properties of wooden panels by up to 50%. Briquettes produced from branches exhibit a longer burning time compared to those made from wood sourced from tree trunks, attributed to the higher lignin content, which augments frictional and compressive strength. Biochar, distinguished by its porous and highly carbonated nature, acts as a unique adsorbent. It enhances soil fertility, water retention, pH levels, and organic matter, while mitigating nutrient leaching and the infiltration of organic and inorganic pollutants. Optimal biochar production efficiency is achieved at lower temperatures with elevated lignin content. The production sources for biochar include plants and fertilizers. Biochar derived from plants can be utilized as a soil conditioner, while biochar derived from manure can function as both a soil conditioner and fertilizer due to the release of nutrients. However, forest residues are not as effective for biogas production; the methane yield from hardwood residues is several times greater than that from softwood residues. The production of ethanol or butanol is influenced by the organic materials to microorganisms ratio. The high cost of hydrolytic enzymes diminishes the appeal of the enzymatic hydrolysis process, despite its significant advantages. Forest residues have the potential to serve as substrates for the growth of diverse insects. Furthermore, cultivating edible mushrooms on these substrates derived from forest agricultural residues can contribute to sustainable forest management, environmental protection, and global food security in the future. https://www.jrenew.ir/article_219649_87aff1e60ea7f615bb82235322267f2c.pdf

Iranian Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air Conditioning Engineers (IRSHRAE) Journal of Renewable and New Energy 2423-4931 13 1 2026 04 21 Methods of Evaluating Natural Ventilation with Emphasis on Educational Spaces Methods of Evaluating Natural Ventilation with Emphasis on Educational Spaces 153 163 231010 10.22034/jrenew.2026.231010 FA Milad Omidi PhD Student in Architecture, School of Architecture and Urban Design, Shahid Rajaee University, Tehran, Iran 0000-0002-3114-3114 Omid Rahaei Assistant Professor Department of Architecture, School of Architecture and Urban Design Engineering, Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University, Tehran, Iran 0000-0003-3125-7012 Marzieh Azad Armaki Associate Professor, Department of Architecture, School of architecture and Urban Design Engineering, Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University, Tehran, Iran Arash ShamsTaleghani Assistant Professor, Aerospace Research Institute, Ministry of Science, Research and Technology, Tehran, Iran 0000-0003-0720-4287 Journal Article 2024 11 12 Preventing waste and saving energy consumption is one of the most important issues in the world due to the reduction and limitation of fossil energy reserves. Meanwhile, the main energy consumption in the building is related to the use of mechanical ventilation. Therefore, due to the advantages of natural ventilation, it is necessary to develop and use it, which becomes more important in classrooms due to the high population and activity. Despite much research that has been done in the field of natural ventilation, there is a need for more studies and development in educational spaces. Therefore, in this research, to know the characteristics of natural ventilation and common methods in its analysis, the studies conducted in this field are reviewed with more emphasis on the studies of educational spaces. Researches reviewed with keywords related to natural ventilation include more than 300 articles from the Science Direct database and persian publications, of which 140 sources are cited in this article. The result is that despite the importance of the educational space and the need to use natural ventilation in these buildings, attention to it is not enough and it is necessary to check all dimensions and parameters related to natural ventilation in educational spaces, especially openings and openings that play a key role in this field. Most of the research have used two methods of experimental measurement and computational fluid dynamics simulation model, which have been carried out in buildings with various uses to investigate the variables. Preventing waste and saving energy consumption is one of the most important issues in the world due to the reduction and limitation of fossil energy reserves. Meanwhile, the main energy consumption in the building is related to the use of mechanical ventilation. Therefore, due to the advantages of natural ventilation, it is necessary to develop and use it, which becomes more important in classrooms due to the high population and activity. Despite much research that has been done in the field of natural ventilation, there is a need for more studies and development in educational spaces. Therefore, in this research, to know the characteristics of natural ventilation and common methods in its analysis, the studies conducted in this field are reviewed with more emphasis on the studies of educational spaces. Researches reviewed with keywords related to natural ventilation include more than 300 articles from the Science Direct database and persian publications, of which 140 sources are cited in this article. The result is that despite the importance of the educational space and the need to use natural ventilation in these buildings, attention to it is not enough and it is necessary to check all dimensions and parameters related to natural ventilation in educational spaces, especially openings and openings that play a key role in this field. Most of the research have used two methods of experimental measurement and computational fluid dynamics simulation model, which have been carried out in buildings with various uses to investigate the variables. https://www.jrenew.ir/article_231010_b79eb2b6d6de707baf9a76ee28b1670d.pdf

Iranian Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air Conditioning Engineers (IRSHRAE) Journal of Renewable and New Energy 2423-4931 13 1 2026 04 21 A New Perspective on the Use of Nanomaterials and Bio-Nanomaterials in the Construction of Solar Cells and Their Impact on Efficiency A New Perspective on the Use of Nanomaterials and Bio-Nanomaterials in the Construction of Solar Cells and Their Impact on Efficiency 164 172 234428 10.22034/jrenew.2026.234428 FA Ali Ghorbani University of Mohagheg Ardabili , Ardabil, Iran 0009-0007-4898-0342 Tarahom Mesri Gundoshmian Professor of the Department of Biosystem Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Mohaghegh Ardabili University, Ardabil, Iran 0000-0002-7302-7269 Journal Article 2024 10 27 With the increasing demand for energy, the supply rate is expected to decline in the near future. As fossil fuel reserves are rapidly depleting, the low efficiency of energy conversion and recycling, along with the complex technologies and high costs of solar cells, have become the most limiting factors for solar cells. Nanotechnology has brought remarkable advancements to human lifestyles, and we can utilize nanotechnology for green energy purposes and the construction of renewable energy systems. Nowadays, bio-nano materials (biological nanomaterials) encompass a broader scope of nanotechnology and are demonstrating their incredible impacts in reducing various short-term and long-term hazardous challenges. One of the reasons solar energy has become very popular is its cost-effectiveness, low maintenance, and reliability as an energy source. Affordable and environmentally friendly natural materials have replaced many of the chemical substances used in solar cells as light harvesters. Additionally, hybrid biological materials in semiconductor solar cells are capable of providing high efficiency. Various bio-nanomaterials such as nanocellulose, bacteriorhodopsin proteins, and organic piezoelectric and thermoelectric biomaterials are being investigated as next-generation solar cell materials. Solar cells sensitized with biological molecules have also gained popularity as cost-effective photovoltaic generators, addressing their recycling issues. The main reason for using plant materials in solar cells is the need to replace expensive, energy-intensive, scarce, or non-renewable components. With the increasing demand for energy, the supply rate is expected to decline in the near future. As fossil fuel reserves are rapidly depleting, the low efficiency of energy conversion and recycling, along with the complex technologies and high costs of solar cells, have become the most limiting factors for solar cells. Nanotechnology has brought remarkable advancements to human lifestyles, and we can utilize nanotechnology for green energy purposes and the construction of renewable energy systems. Nowadays, bio-nano materials (biological nanomaterials) encompass a broader scope of nanotechnology and are demonstrating their incredible impacts in reducing various short-term and long-term hazardous challenges. One of the reasons solar energy has become very popular is its cost-effectiveness, low maintenance, and reliability as an energy source. Affordable and environmentally friendly natural materials have replaced many of the chemical substances used in solar cells as light harvesters. Additionally, hybrid biological materials in semiconductor solar cells are capable of providing high efficiency. Various bio-nanomaterials such as nanocellulose, bacteriorhodopsin proteins, and organic piezoelectric and thermoelectric biomaterials are being investigated as next-generation solar cell materials. Solar cells sensitized with biological molecules have also gained popularity as cost-effective photovoltaic generators, addressing their recycling issues. The main reason for using plant materials in solar cells is the need to replace expensive, energy-intensive, scarce, or non-renewable components. https://www.jrenew.ir/article_234428_be464d03e6d9a7f87cf8ac19398a4a66.pdf

Iranian Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air Conditioning Engineers (IRSHRAE) Journal of Renewable and New Energy 2423-4931 13 1 2026 04 21 A review on integrated heterostructure nanophotocatalysts and their performance in green hydrogen production A review on integrated heterostructure nanophotocatalysts and their performance in green hydrogen production 173 186 236169 10.22034/jrenew.2026.236169 FA Amirreza Oroujzadeh Chemical Engineering department,, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran Nasim Seyyed Jobbedar Chemical Engineering Department,, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran Niloofar Nasirpour Chemical engineering department,, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran Ali Nematollahzadeh Chemical engineering department,, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran Journal Article 2025 05 03 nD/nD hybrid nanophotocatalysts—combinations of different nanoscale dimensions—have recently gained attention as an innovative and efficient approach to improve the performance of hydrogen production systems via photocatalytic water splitting. This review provides an overview of various photocatalytic heterojunctions including Type I, Type II, Type III, Schottky junctions, Z-scheme, and S-scheme systems and analyzing the crucial roles of dimensional design (nD/nD) and band structure engineering in enhancing the photocatalytic activity. Among these, S-scheme heterostructures have demonstrated superior performance due to their effective spatial separation of photogenerated charge carriers and preservation of strong redox potential. Moreover, multidimensional hybrids such as 0D/2D and 1D/3D architectures, with their increased interfacial area, efficient charge transport, and reduced electron–hole recombination, have shown significantly enhanced hydrogen evolution rates. Experimental findings reveal that photocatalysts such as CdS/ZnS, ZnIn₂S₄/g-C₃N₄, and CdS/NiCr₂O₄–LDH—configured as S-scheme or Type II heterojunctions—achieve apparent quantum yields of up to 46.9% and hydrogen evolution rates as high as 25,491.2 µmol/g·h. Overall, the integration of nanostructural engineering, selection of suitable material, and rational heterojunction design plays a vital role in the advancement of next-generation photocatalysts for green hydrogen production. nD/nD hybrid nanophotocatalysts—combinations of different nanoscale dimensions—have recently gained attention as an innovative and efficient approach to improve the performance of hydrogen production systems via photocatalytic water splitting. This review provides an overview of various photocatalytic heterojunctions including Type I, Type II, Type III, Schottky junctions, Z-scheme, and S-scheme systems and analyzing the crucial roles of dimensional design (nD/nD) and band structure engineering in enhancing the photocatalytic activity. Among these, S-scheme heterostructures have demonstrated superior performance due to their effective spatial separation of photogenerated charge carriers and preservation of strong redox potential. Moreover, multidimensional hybrids such as 0D/2D and 1D/3D architectures, with their increased interfacial area, efficient charge transport, and reduced electron–hole recombination, have shown significantly enhanced hydrogen evolution rates. Experimental findings reveal that photocatalysts such as CdS/ZnS, ZnIn₂S₄/g-C₃N₄, and CdS/NiCr₂O₄–LDH—configured as S-scheme or Type II heterojunctions—achieve apparent quantum yields of up to 46.9% and hydrogen evolution rates as high as 25,491.2 µmol/g·h. Overall, the integration of nanostructural engineering, selection of suitable material, and rational heterojunction design plays a vital role in the advancement of next-generation photocatalysts for green hydrogen production. https://www.jrenew.ir/article_236169_e9d96fb28833ad34fc1a7c66c3f054e5.pdf